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Physiology and Neuroscience > Class Test 3 > Flashcards

Class Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What causes Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurones in substantia nigria

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2
Q

DAVE

A

Dorsal (muscle –> spinal cord)
Afferent
Ventral
Efferent

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3
Q

SAME

A

Sensory
Afferent
Motor
Efferent

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4
Q

What is not present at chemical synapses?

A

Gap junctions

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5
Q

Difference between spatial and temporal summation

A

Spatial- multiple EPSPs

Temporal- same EPSPs

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6
Q

What do Tau proteins do?

A

Bind and stabilise cytoplasmic microtubules

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7
Q

What are in astrocytes cytoplasm?

A

GFAP

Glial Fillary Acid Proteins

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8
Q

What do astrocytes provide?

A

Structural support for neurons in the brain and aid in neuronal repair

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9
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

Hold brain together
Occupy spaces between neurons
Non-excitable cells

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10
Q

What is the process of ionophoresis?

A

Applying electrical current of the same polarity as the charged dye and hence expelled

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11
Q

What notion does arborisation of the neuron create?

A

Notion of how many connections a cell cn accomodate and to how many sites it sends its own processes

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12
Q

What do ganglion cells contain?

A

Around 400 nerve cells with distinctive shapes, sizes, positions and branching patterns

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13
Q

How are MRI scans formed?

A

From an oscillating magnetic field which causes protons in tissues to become excited and emit a radio frequency signal which is detected by a receiver

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14
Q

What composes grey matter and white matter?

A

Grey matter- nerve cell bodies

White matter- myelinated axonal processes and supporting glia

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15
Q

What is neuropil?

A

Where nerve cell bodies of grey matter are embedded

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16
Q

What makes up the spinal cord?

A

Centered H-shape core grey matter surrounded by white matter

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17
Q

What do vitementin positive cells contain?

A

Intermediate filament protein

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18
Q

What is used for labelling spinal cord sections?

A

Antibodies raised against several antigens

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19
Q

What is MAP2 (Microtubule Associated Protein 2) used to observe?

A

Soma and dendrites in the grey matter of the spinal cord

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20
Q

What is NP-NF (non-phosphorylated form of neurofilament protein) used to label?

A

Adult spinal cord
NP-NF used via fluorescently labelled NP-NF antibody
Only stains large cells in developing ventral horn

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21
Q

What is P-NF (phosphorylated form of neurofilament protein) used to label?

A

Immature spinal cord

Only labels axons

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22
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Neurotransmitters released from axon terminal

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23
Q

What do inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters do?

A

Inhibitory- drives membrane potential away from critical firing level
Excitatory- reaches critical firing level and causes an action potential

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24
Q

What is a confocal laser scanning microscope used for?

A

Create 3D structures from obtained images

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25
What synapses are predominantly found in mammals?
Chemical
26
What is a synapse?
Axon terminal from one neuron and dendrite/cell body from another neuron
27
Are there delays for chemical and electrical synapses?
Chemical- .5 ms between impulse at pre-synaptic terminal and detection of post-synaptic potential change Electrical- no
28
How common are electrical synapses?
Not common in mammals | Few examples e.g. retina
29
How are tissues optically sectioned?
Immunocytochemistry combined with confocal microscopy
30
What does TEM (Transmission electron microscopy) or electrical recording from cells confirm?
Presence of an active synapse | Electron microscope- view synapse
31
What is lacking as you go down the spinal cord?
White matter relative to grey matter decreases | Sacral cord- loss of all white matter
32
What are Purkinje neurones?
Largest cells in the cerebral cortex
33
What are satellite cells?
Supportive cells which surround each neurone
34
What surrounds ganglions?
Fibrous connective tissue capsules
35
What is electronic spread?
Detriment and voltage faults
36
What affects conduction velocity?
``` Axon diameter (larger diameter, faster conduction) Myelination (increases conduction) ```
37
What do Schwan cells form
Myelin
38
Saltatory mechanism
Relies on voltage-gated channels at the nodes | Fast conduction between nodes and nodes
39
Nodes
Gaps between myelin sheath
40
Electrically inexcitable?
Internode Dendritic membrane Soma of nerve cells
41
Electrically excitable?
Unmyelinated axon | Dense voltage-gated channels
42
How is information contained in AP?
Frequency and pattern of activity
43
What does NMJ release?
Acetylcholine
44
How are action potentials generated?
Summation
45
Where are inhibitory synapses on the axon terminals?
Axo-axonic synapses
46
What are IPSPs?
Makes postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential
47
Where are small molecule transmitters synthesised?
In axon terminals
48
Where are neuropeptides synthesised?
In the cell body
49
Where are autoreceptors?
Presynaptic membrane
50
What are modulators?
Type of neurotransmitters but aren't released in a synapse (e.g. released into tissue)
51
What makes up the spinothalamic pathway?
``` Grey matter White matter Ganglion Nucleus Tract Pathway ```
52
Basal gaglia
Motor control and voluntary movements Procedural memory sub thalamic, caudate nucleus, thalamus Initiation of movement
53
Cerebellum
Motor control and cooridination | Procedural memory
54
Pons
Sleep and wakefulness, body posture Cortex - Spinal cord Cortex- Cerebellum
55
Thalamus
Sensory inputs
56
Hippocampus
Memory | Episodic and learning
57
Hypothalamus
Autonomic functions
58
Neocortex
Semantic and declarative
59
Tectum
Auditory and Optic
60
Medulla
Sensory, touch, taste
61
Forebrain
Diencephalon (Thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia) | Telencephalan (cortex)
62
Brain
Forebrain (D and T) Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla) Hindbrain (cerebellum, pons (rostral) , medulla (caudal)) Midbrain (tectum)
63
Internal capsule
Links cortex and brain
64
Paleocortex/Archicortex
Olfaction, emotions, memory
65
Association cortex
Complex cognitive functions | e.g. speech and language
66
Motor cortex
Motor activity
67
Frontal lobe
Pre-motor cortex (motor map) Pre-frontal cortex (decision) Broca's area
68
Lobes?
Frontal Temporal Occipital Parietal
69
What are excitation of muscle spindles responsible for?
Stretch reflex
70
Control reflex vs protective reflex
``` Control= Closed loop Protective= Open ```
71
What is protective reflex accompanied by?
Crossed extensor reflex
72
What do rods and cones differ in?
Connectivity Sensitivity Distribution
73
Bipolar cell
Link photoreceptors to ganglion cells
74
Horizontal cells
Mediate lateral responses
75
Cones connect
1 to 1 with bipolar and ganglion cells
76
Rods converge on
Ganglion cells
77
Roles of V1, V5, V4
V1- parcels out info V5- motion analysis (akinetopsia) V4- colour vision (achromotopsia)
78
Basal ganglia input and output
Input- Prefrontal cortex | Output- Pre-motor area
79
Lateral pathways
Corticospinal and rubrospinal | control of movement
80
Ventromedial pathways
Control of posture
81
What are collections of motoneurones in the ventral horn called?
Motonuclei
82
Iconic and echoic memory duration?
Iconic- 1/2 secs | Echoic- 2-3 secs
83
Properties of LTP?
Co-operativity (2 weak inputs same time) | Associativity (1 weak 1 strong)
84
AMPA receptors and NDMA receptors
AMPA- Fast reliable transmission Permeable for Na NDMA- Permeable for Ca
85
Brain blood supply
Dorsal aorta gives rise to internal carotid and vertebral arteries Vertebral arteries join to form one single basilar artery Basilar artery and internal carotid arteries form circle of willis
86
3 major cerebral arteries
Posterior cerebral Left middle cerebral Posterior cerebral
87
Pathways across BBB
Transcellular lipophillic pathway Transport proteis Receptor mediated endocytosis Absorptive endocytosis
88
CVO examples
``` Pituitary gland Median eminence Area postrema Preoptic recess Paraphysis Pineal gland Endothelium choroid plexus ```
89
What groups of cells are involved in voluntary movements?
Substantia nigra and red nucleus
90
Ondine's curse
Think about breathing
91
Locked in syndrome?
Can't make voluntary movements only eyes
92
What is the name given to the cluster of brainstem neurones that control regular breathing patterns?
Prebotzinger complex

Physiology and Neuroscience (40 decks)

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