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Physiology and Neuroscience > Class Test 3 > Flashcards

Class Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What causes Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurones in substantia nigria

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2
Q

DAVE

A

Dorsal (muscle –> spinal cord)
Afferent
Ventral
Efferent

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3
Q

SAME

A

Sensory
Afferent
Motor
Efferent

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4
Q

What is not present at chemical synapses?

A

Gap junctions

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5
Q

Difference between spatial and temporal summation

A

Spatial- multiple EPSPs

Temporal- same EPSPs

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6
Q

What do Tau proteins do?

A

Bind and stabilise cytoplasmic microtubules

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7
Q

What are in astrocytes cytoplasm?

A

GFAP

Glial Fillary Acid Proteins

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8
Q

What do astrocytes provide?

A

Structural support for neurons in the brain and aid in neuronal repair

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9
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

Hold brain together
Occupy spaces between neurons
Non-excitable cells

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10
Q

What is the process of ionophoresis?

A

Applying electrical current of the same polarity as the charged dye and hence expelled

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11
Q

What notion does arborisation of the neuron create?

A

Notion of how many connections a cell cn accomodate and to how many sites it sends its own processes

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12
Q

What do ganglion cells contain?

A

Around 400 nerve cells with distinctive shapes, sizes, positions and branching patterns

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13
Q

How are MRI scans formed?

A

From an oscillating magnetic field which causes protons in tissues to become excited and emit a radio frequency signal which is detected by a receiver

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14
Q

What composes grey matter and white matter?

A

Grey matter- nerve cell bodies

White matter- myelinated axonal processes and supporting glia

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15
Q

What is neuropil?

A

Where nerve cell bodies of grey matter are embedded

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16
Q

What makes up the spinal cord?

A

Centered H-shape core grey matter surrounded by white matter

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17
Q

What do vitementin positive cells contain?

A

Intermediate filament protein

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18
Q

What is used for labelling spinal cord sections?

A

Antibodies raised against several antigens

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19
Q

What is MAP2 (Microtubule Associated Protein 2) used to observe?

A

Soma and dendrites in the grey matter of the spinal cord

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20
Q

What is NP-NF (non-phosphorylated form of neurofilament protein) used to label?

A

Adult spinal cord
NP-NF used via fluorescently labelled NP-NF antibody
Only stains large cells in developing ventral horn

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21
Q

What is P-NF (phosphorylated form of neurofilament protein) used to label?

A

Immature spinal cord

Only labels axons

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22
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Neurotransmitters released from axon terminal

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23
Q

What do inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters do?

A

Inhibitory- drives membrane potential away from critical firing level
Excitatory- reaches critical firing level and causes an action potential

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24
Q

What is a confocal laser scanning microscope used for?

A

Create 3D structures from obtained images

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25
Q

What synapses are predominantly found in mammals?

A

Chemical

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26
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Axon terminal from one neuron and dendrite/cell body from another neuron

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27
Q

Are there delays for chemical and electrical synapses?

A

Chemical- .5 ms between impulse at pre-synaptic terminal and detection of post-synaptic potential change
Electrical- no

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28
Q

How common are electrical synapses?

A

Not common in mammals

Few examples e.g. retina

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29
Q

How are tissues optically sectioned?

A

Immunocytochemistry combined with confocal microscopy

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30
Q

What does TEM (Transmission electron microscopy) or electrical recording from cells confirm?

A

Presence of an active synapse

Electron microscope- view synapse

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31
Q

What is lacking as you go down the spinal cord?

A

White matter relative to grey matter decreases

Sacral cord- loss of all white matter

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32
Q

What are Purkinje neurones?

A

Largest cells in the cerebral cortex

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33
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Supportive cells which surround each neurone

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34
Q

What surrounds ganglions?

A

Fibrous connective tissue capsules

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35
Q

What is electronic spread?

A

Detriment and voltage faults

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36
Q

What affects conduction velocity?

A 
Axon diameter (larger diameter, faster conduction)
Myelination (increases conduction)
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37
Q

What do Schwan cells form

A

Myelin

38
Q

Saltatory mechanism

A

Relies on voltage-gated channels at the nodes

Fast conduction between nodes and nodes

39
Q

Nodes

A

Gaps between myelin sheath

40
Q

Electrically inexcitable?

A

Internode
Dendritic membrane
Soma of nerve cells

41
Q

Electrically excitable?

A

Unmyelinated axon

Dense voltage-gated channels

42
Q

How is information contained in AP?

A

Frequency and pattern of activity

43
Q

What does NMJ release?

A

Acetylcholine

44
Q

How are action potentials generated?

A

Summation

45
Q

Where are inhibitory synapses on the axon terminals?

A

Axo-axonic synapses

46
Q

What are IPSPs?

A

Makes postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential

47
Q

Where are small molecule transmitters synthesised?

A

In axon terminals

48
Q

Where are neuropeptides synthesised?

A

In the cell body

49
Q

Where are autoreceptors?

A

Presynaptic membrane

50
Q

What are modulators?

A

Type of neurotransmitters but aren’t released in a synapse (e.g. released into tissue)

51
Q

What makes up the spinothalamic pathway?

A 
Grey matter
White matter
Ganglion
Nucleus
Tract
Pathway
52
Q

Basal gaglia

A

Motor control and voluntary movements
Procedural memory
sub thalamic, caudate nucleus, thalamus
Initiation of movement

53
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor control and cooridination

Procedural memory

54
Q

Pons

A

Sleep and wakefulness, body posture
Cortex - Spinal cord
Cortex- Cerebellum

55
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory inputs

56
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory

Episodic and learning

57
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Autonomic functions

58
Q

Neocortex

A

Semantic and declarative

59
Q

Tectum

A

Auditory and Optic

60
Q

Medulla

A

Sensory, touch, taste

61
Q

Forebrain

A

Diencephalon (Thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia)

Telencephalan (cortex)

62
Q

Brain

A

Forebrain (D and T)
Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
Hindbrain (cerebellum, pons (rostral) , medulla (caudal))
Midbrain (tectum)

63
Q

Internal capsule

A

Links cortex and brain

64
Q

Paleocortex/Archicortex

A

Olfaction, emotions, memory

65
Q

Association cortex

A

Complex cognitive functions

e.g. speech and language

66
Q

Motor cortex

A

Motor activity

67
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Pre-motor cortex (motor map)
Pre-frontal cortex (decision)
Broca’s area

68
Q

Lobes?

A

Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal

69
Q

What are excitation of muscle spindles responsible for?

A

Stretch reflex

70
Q

Control reflex vs protective reflex

A 
Control= Closed loop
Protective= Open
71
Q

What is protective reflex accompanied by?

A

Crossed extensor reflex

72
Q

What do rods and cones differ in?

A

Connectivity
Sensitivity
Distribution

73
Q

Bipolar cell

A

Link photoreceptors to ganglion cells

74
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Mediate lateral responses

75
Q

Cones connect

A

1 to 1 with bipolar and ganglion cells

76
Q

Rods converge on

A

Ganglion cells

77
Q

Roles of V1, V5, V4

A

V1- parcels out info
V5- motion analysis (akinetopsia)
V4- colour vision (achromotopsia)

78
Q

Basal ganglia input and output

A

Input- Prefrontal cortex

Output- Pre-motor area

79
Q

Lateral pathways

A

Corticospinal and rubrospinal

control of movement

80
Q

Ventromedial pathways

A

Control of posture

81
Q

What are collections of motoneurones in the ventral horn called?

A

Motonuclei

82
Q

Iconic and echoic memory duration?

A

Iconic- 1/2 secs

Echoic- 2-3 secs

83
Q

Properties of LTP?

A

Co-operativity (2 weak inputs same time)

Associativity (1 weak 1 strong)

84
Q

AMPA receptors and NDMA receptors

A

AMPA- Fast reliable transmission
Permeable for Na
NDMA- Permeable for Ca

85
Q

Brain blood supply

A

Dorsal aorta gives rise to internal carotid and vertebral arteries
Vertebral arteries join to form one single basilar artery
Basilar artery and internal carotid arteries form circle of willis

86
Q

3 major cerebral arteries

A

Posterior cerebral
Left middle cerebral
Posterior cerebral

87
Q

Pathways across BBB

A

Transcellular lipophillic pathway
Transport proteis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Absorptive endocytosis

88
Q

CVO examples

A 
Pituitary gland
Median eminence
Area postrema
Preoptic recess
Paraphysis
Pineal gland
Endothelium choroid plexus
89
Q

What groups of cells are involved in voluntary movements?

A

Substantia nigra and red nucleus

90
Q

Ondine’s curse

A

Think about breathing

91
Q

Locked in syndrome?

A

Can’t make voluntary movements only eyes

92
Q

What is the name given to the cluster of brainstem neurones that control regular breathing patterns?

A

Prebotzinger complex

Physiology and Neuroscience (40 decks)

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