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Physiology and Neuroscience > Levels of organisation in the nervous system > Flashcards

Levels of organisation in the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What is the CNS divided into?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the PNS sub divisions?

A

Sensory (afferent) division

Motor (efferent) division

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4
Q

What is the sensory (afferent) division made up of?

A

Somatic sensory neurons

Visceral sensory neurons

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5
Q

What is the motor (efferent) division made up of?

A

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

Somatic nervous system (voluntary)

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6
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic division

Parasympathetic division

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7
Q

What is the spinothalamic pathway made up of?

A 
Grey matter
White matter
Ganglion
Nucleus 
Tract
Pathway
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8
Q

What is grey matter?

A

High concentration of nerve cell bodies

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9
Q

What is white matter?

A

High concentration of nerve fibres/axons

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10
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

myelin gives the white appearance

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11
Q

What is ganglion?

A

Collection of nerve cells in CNS with particular function

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12
Q

What is a tract?

A

Nerve axons belonging to neurones of the same functional type (e.g. spinothalamic tract)

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13
Q

What is a pathway?

A

Collective set of neurons in conveying a signal from periphery to the cortex

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14
Q

What are spinothalamic neurons?

A

Long axon up to the brain terminates at the thalamus

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15
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract?

A

Sensory pathway from skin to the thalamus

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16
Q

What is the PNS formed of?

A

Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) nerve fibres

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17
Q

Where do the nerve fibres from the PNS emerge?

A

From brain and spinal cord and innervate every structure in the body

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18
Q

How many cranial nerves arise from the base of the brain?

A

12 pairs

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19
Q

What do these cranial nerves from the base of the brain innervate?

A

Head (including special sense organs)

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20
Q

Are cranial nerves specific?

A

Yes, some are purely sensory, some are purely motor

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21
Q

Where does the vagus nerve also innervate?

A

Some organs of the upper body e.g. heart

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22
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

33 pairs

23
Q

What do the spinal nerves innervate?

A

Remainder of the body

24
Q

Where do afferent/sensory axons end?

A

Sensory receptors

25
Q

Where do efferent/motor fibres end?

A

In effectors (muscle)

26
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

Elongation of the brain

27
Q

What are spinal nerve dermatomes?

A

Skin areas innervated by a single spinal nerve

28
Q

What do spinal nerves do before reaching the spinal cord?

A

Divide into Dorsal root and ventral root

29
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

Sensory (afferent) fibres (cell bodies= dorsal root ganglion)

30
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

Motor (efferent) fibres (cell bodies= motonucleus)

31
Q

What shape is the cross section of the spinal cord?

A

Butterfly shaped grey matter

32
Q

What is the dorsal horn?

A

Mainly sensory

33
Q

What is the ventral horn?

A

Mainly motor

34
Q

What is in the outer white matter?

A

Ascending and descending axons

35
Q

What is the brain split into?

A

Brainstem and Forebrain

36
Q

What is the Brainstem?

A

Most primitive part of the brain- vital function

Brain stem reticular formation e.g. arousal vs. sleep

37
Q

What is the brainstem split into?

A

Hindbrain and midbrain

38
Q

What makes up the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla

39
Q

What makes up the midbrain?

A

Tectum

40
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Involved in motor control e.g. coordination and motor learning

41
Q

What is the pons?

A

Largely white matter- connections between cortex and spinal cord, cortex and cerebellum

42
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Relay nuclei for sensory pathways from spinal cord and cranial nerve and for descending pathways
Contains autonomic control centres

43
Q

What is the tectum made up of?

A

Optic and auditory tectum

44
Q

What is the optic tectum?

A

Visual input

45
Q

What is the auditory tectum?

A

Auditory input

46
Q

What is the orientation reaction in the tectum?

A

Head and eye movements to foveate moving objects in peripheral visual field or look in direction of source of sound

47
Q

What is the Forebrain?

A

Responsible for higher sensory, motor and cognitive functions

48
Q

What makes up the forebrain?

A

Diencephalon

Telencephalon

49
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus (relay nucleus)
Hypothalamus
Basal ganglia

50
Q

What makes up the telencephalon?

A

Cortex

51
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Group of sensory relay nuclei projecting to cortex

Pathways serving vision, audition, olfaction, taste and somatic

52
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Control of autonomic functions

53
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Control of movement

3 sets of nucleus- Sub thalamic nucleus, caudate nucleus, thalamus

Physiology and Neuroscience (40 decks)

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