Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

What system controls organs?

Answer 1

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Question 2

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Answer 2

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 3

What do the blood vessels control?

Answer 3

Nerves which determine blood pressure

Question 4

Where does the sympathetic nervous system originate

Answer 4

Nerves coming out the spinal cord

Question 5

Where do the parasympathetic nervous systems originate?

Answer 5

Nerves coming out of cranial (brain)

Question 6

What is ganglion made of?

Answer 6

Swelling created by synapses

Question 7

Where to ganglion cells congregate?

Answer 7

In a sympathetic chain, close to spinal cord

Question 8

Where is there no parasympathetic nerves?

Answer 8

Kidneys

Question 9

Describe parasympathetic activity

Answer 9

Causes a fall in heart rate- vessels relax (dilation)

Question 10

Describe sympathetic activity

Answer 10

Causes a rise in heart rate- contraction makes diameter narrower making pressure go up

Question 11

What causes blood pressure in terms of activity?

Answer 11

Cause by balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic vessels

Question 12

What is the transmitter in all ANS processes?

Answer 12

Acetylcholine

Question 13

What is the transmitter process for the Parasympathetic Nervous system?

Answer 13

Pre-ganglionic-> Long preganglionic fibre-> Postganglionic acetylcholine

Question 14

Where does Acetylcholine act in the parasympathetic system?

Answer 14

Muscarinic receptor

Nictonic receptor

Question 15

What is the transmitter process for the Sympathetic Nervous system?

Answer 15

Preganglionic fibre-> acetylcholine-> postganglionic fibre-> noradrenaline

Question 16

Where does Acetylcholine act in the sympathetic system?

Answer 16

Adrenergic receptors (norepinephrine)

Question 17

What does the noradrenaline then act upon in the sympathetic system?

Answer 17

Noradrenaline-> adrenal medula-> Adrenaline

Question 18

What is the process for arterial pressure?

Answer 18

Detector (Baroreceptors- stretch receptors, signal brain) -> afferent pathways -> Medulla (coordinating centre)-> efferent pathways ->effector -> heart and vessels -> means arterial pressure

Question 19

Where and what are baroreceptors?

Answer 19

Above aortic arch and detect stretch

Question 20

How is adrenaline produced in sympathetic system?

Answer 20

Preganglionic fibres release acetylcholine and postganglionic fibres produces noradrenaline to produce adrenaline

Question 21

How does sympathetic nervous system have control?

Answer 21

Innervation of small areteries and surrounding per-vascular adipose tissue (PVAT)

Question 22

What effect does noradrenaline have when it’s next to cells?

Answer 22

Affects diameter of the cell

Question 23

What transmitters comprise the sympathetic triad?

Answer 23

NA (noradrenaline), ATP and NPY (neuropeptide Y)

Question 24

What transmitters comprise the parasympathetic triad?

Answer 24

Ach (acetylcholine), NO and VIP

Question 25

What importance do sensory nerves have in ANS?

Answer 25

Blood from sensory nerve produce vasodilation receptors (allows more bloodflow)

Question 26

What three steps are involved in the Lewis Triple Response?

Answer 26

1. Redness along scratch
2. Spreading flare
3. Local swelling along the scratch

Question 27

What is varicosity?

Answer 27

Release site, which inside has thousands of vesicles

Question 28

What are the steps for vesicles in the active zone?

Answer 28

Docks
Priming
Fusion

Question 29

What happens when a varicosity is depolarised by a nerve impulse?

Answer 29

Calcium cells open and varicosity causes exocytosis
Raise blood pressure- increase nonadrenaline
Calcium channel blocker- reduce blood pressure
Noradrenaline- taken back up and reused by nerve