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BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR 2 > Motor Systems > Flashcards

Motor Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Immediately in front of the central sulcus (area 4)

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2
Q

What happens if there is a lesion in the brain just in front of the central sulcus?

A

This affects the primary motor cortex (Area 4) and leads to paralysis or paresis of specific muscle groups

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3
Q

What happens if there is damage to the premotor cortex and/or supplementary motor cortex?

A

Leads to apraxia (inability to perform purposeful actions) but contralateral side may be able to take over to compensate to minimise symptoms

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4
Q

Where are the frontal eye fields located?

A

In the anterior cerebrum (temporal lobe)

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5
Q

What is the function of the frontal eye fields?

A

Controls of extra ocular eye muscles

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6
Q

What are the consequences of bilateral lesions of the frontal eye fields?

A

Oculomotor apraxia (difficulty moving eyes horizontally or following an object)

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7
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Adjacent to the promote cortex in the frontal lobe

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8
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Motor to muscles regulating speech

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9
Q

What happens if there is damage to Broca’s area?

A

Motor aphasia (difficulty verbalising strings of words e.g. complex sentences)

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10
Q

What is the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (most anterior portion of frontal lobe)

A

Planning movement and executive functions

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11
Q

What is the consequence of lesions to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

Apathy, personality changes, and an inability to sequence tasks

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12
Q

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Controls/inhibits motor responses associated with the limbic system such as hunger, thirst, sexual drive etc.

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13
Q

What is the consequence of a stroke in the proximal middle cerebral artery?

A

There is loss to all of one side of the frontal lobe as well as blocking of blood supply to the basal ganglia from the lenticulostriate arteries, so this is far more debilitating than a distal MCA occlusion

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14
Q

Which artery supplies the motor cortex portion to the lower limbs?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

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15
Q

What is the red nucleus?

A

A large, round nucleus in the midbrain next to the oculomotor nuclei that carries the corticobulbar tract

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16
Q

What is the corticobulbospinal tract?

A

A tract which passes through the internal capsule on its way to the brainstem and is made up of the corticobulbar and corticospinal portions

17
Q

Describe the corticobulbar aspect of the corticobulbospinal tract

A

This tract terminates on various cranial nerve nuclei to the muscles of head/neck as well as the pontine nuclei, reticular formation and red nucleus

18
Q

Describe the corticospinal aspect of the corticobulbospinal tract

A

This tract continues after termination of the corticobulbar tract into the lower medulla and decussates to form the lateral and medial corticospinal tracts

19
Q

What happens if there is damage to the corticospinal tract in the spinal tract?

A

Loss of control of certain muscles but not a loss of posture and gait ordinarily

20
Q

What is the tectospinal tract?

A

Coordinates voluntary head and eye movements: originates in the superior colliculus and projects to the contralateral cervical spinal cord

21
Q

What is the medial vestibulospinal tract?

A

Mediates involuntary coordination of the head and neck muscles with the extra ocular eye muscles

22
Q

Describe the lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

Projects from the vestibular nuclei (between medulla and pons) and projects ipsilaterally to antigravity muscles to control posture and balance

23
Q

Describe the reticulospinal tract

A

Arises in the reticular formation (pons/medulla) and projects bilaterally down the spinal cord to provide general arousal

24
Q

Describe the rubrospinal tract

A

Arises in the red nucleus of the midbrain and carries cerebellar commands to the spinal cord

25
Q

What is the function of the late real vestibulospinal tract

A

To control posture and balance

26
Q

What is clonus?

A

Series of jerky contractions of a particular muscle following sudden stretching

27
Q

What is spasticity?

A

Abnormally increased muscle tone (characteristic of upper motor neurone lesions)

28
Q

Describe decorticate posturing

A

Arms are adducted and flexed, fingers are flexed on the chest with legs internally rotated and stiffly extended with plantarflexion

29
Q

If an individual presented with leg stiffness, internal rotation, and their arms over their chest with their hands in a fist, what would this suggest?

A

Damage to the corticospinal tract in the midbrain (decorticate posturing)

30
Q

If an individual presented with leg stiffness, internal rotation, and their arms to their side and their wrists out to the side and fingers flexed, what would this suggest?

A

Damage to the brainstem including damage to the corticospinal AND rubrospinal tracts (decerebrate posturing)

31
Q

Describe decerebrate posturing

A

Arms are adducted and flexed, fingers are flexed by the side of their body with legs internally rotated and stiffly extended with plantarflexion

32
Q

What is the cause of decerebrate posturing?

A

Excessive activity in the vestibulospinal tract which is usually under tonic inhibition by the corticobulbospinal tract and red nucleus

33
Q

What is hemiplegic dystonia?

A

Persistent flexion of the arms and extension of the legs

34
Q

What is a clasp-knife reflex?

A

Spontaneous extension with resistance, characteristic of chronic cerebral motor lesions

35
Q

What is the consequence of damage to the reticulospinal tracts?

A

Loss of bladder/bowel control, loss of temperature regulation and blood pressure regulation

36
Q

What is the consequence of damage to the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Loss of ability to stand upright and/or balance properly

37
Q

What is the consequence of corticospinal tract?

A

Paralysis/weakness of voluntary movement and hyperactive tendon reflexes

BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR 2 (31 decks)

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