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Brain and Cognition 2 > Motor system > Flashcards

Motor system Flashcards

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1
Q

motor cortex M1

A

initiating, and directing commands for voluntary movements to lower level circuits

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2
Q

basal ganglia tov motor action

A

gating proper initiation of movement, selecting and inhibiting motor actions, simple learning

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3
Q

cerebellum tov motor action

A

sensory motor coordination, smoothing of movements -> error correction.

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4
Q

brainstem tov motor action

A

relaying motor signals, basic movements and postuur

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5
Q

hoe gaat motor actie in het brein

A

motor cortex <- basal ganglia
brainstem <- cerebellum
|
v
local circuit neurons and lower motor neurons
^ |
| v
sensory input skeleton

|

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6
Q

dus wat beinvloedt de motor cortex

A

basal ganglia

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7
Q

dus wat beinvloed de brainstem

A

cerebellum

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8
Q

spinal cord tov motor action

A

direct activation of single muscle fibers
reflex organisation

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9
Q

do lower motor neurons in grey matter of spinal cord and brainstem directly innervate muscles

A

yes (some are simple neuron contractions, meaning no delay)

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10
Q

wat doen local circuit neurons

A

they connect sensory information to the motor neurons directly -> reflexes

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11
Q

what kind of movements does the spinal cord influence

A

rythmic movements (walking, swimming, cat: swing and stance, kan dit ook met alleen zijn spinal cord zonder brain)

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12
Q

motor invariance + begrip dat hierbij hoort

A

produce the same motor actions with different body parts.
(complex movements preserve distinctive features (shape style) even when performed by different muscle groups

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13
Q

motor programs zijn dus…

A

commands that specify a sequence of movement, independent of the actual muscle group carrying them out!

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14
Q

Supplementary Motor Area function

A

planning of sequences learned from memory (guitar playing)

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15
Q

premotor function

A

learning complex movements from sensory input/external cues (tijdens gitaarles). hier zit ook broca’s area bij voor speech

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16
Q

primary motor cortex M1

A

initiation of a single, but coordinated multijoint movement (bijvoorbeeld duwen van een deur)
activation of lower structures

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17
Q

posterior parietal cortex

A

location-based movement (grasping, reaching) -> keys or scissors

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18
Q

descending pathway from M1

A

upper motor neurons in M1 - medullary pyramid - cross the midline at the caudal end of the medulla - lateral corticospinal tract in spinal cord - grey matter of the cord and brain stem

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19
Q

only a little bit of the motor neurons does not cross

A

oke

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20
Q

neurons for facial expressions branch off in the …

A

brainstem

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21
Q

which cortical regions have topographical maps

A

supplementary motor area SMA, premotor, M1, the basal ganglia, and specific parts of the thalamus, and the cerebellum

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22
Q

what does M1 not do?

A

it does not activate individual muscles directly. but it sends motor programs downwards, to create complex movements

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23
Q

what is the specific function of motor neurons in M1

A

they fire to a subset of movements (bv alle push movements) and code the direction of these movements

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24
Q

wat hangt samen met de strenght of the movement

A

the neuron firing rates.

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25
Q

dus zit er een delay tussen M1 neurons en de movement?

A

ja, M1 neurons fire well before the movement occurs.

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26
Q

hoe zit dit bij de FEF en SC?

A

ook die firen veel eerder dan dat je eye movements ziet

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27
Q

FEF naam

A

frontal eye fields

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28
Q

SC naam

A

superior colliculi

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29
Q

dus wat zijn de upper motor systems

A

M1, FEF, SC -> define what to do and how to do it.

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30
Q

wat zie je in een tuning curve

A

dat elke neuron een PREFFERED motor action heeft waarop je maximale activatie ziet. however, other directions also produce activity, but lower.

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31
Q

population vector

A

de richting waarin de neuronen gemiddeld naar toe firen. (= population coding)

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32
Q

the neurons DO NOT only code for a specific direction! they do have preferred ones.

A

oke

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33
Q

When monkeys are cued to reach towards a target but forced to delay
movement initiation: Anticipatory activity in premotor cortex reflecting
the intention to move.

A

oke

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34
Q

waar begint planning related movement het eerste

A

in premotor cortex, dan pas na M1

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35
Q

waar kan je de intention to move eerst zien voordat de movement wordt uitgevoerd

A

premotor, SMA, parietal, prefrontal cortex

36
Q

readiness potential is..

A

je ziet dat de firing heel erg omhoog gaat voordat de movement wordt uitgevoerd -> accumulation of evidence

37
Q

anosognosia

A

loss of awareness of one’s inability to move intentionally (je denkt dat je nog kan bewegen, maar dat kan niet). bij damage to premotor cortex and M1

38
Q

Libet

A

role of awareness in motor planning:
there is activation in the brain 1000 ms before the movement,
and the urge to act occurs 200 ms before the movement.

39
Q

Libet met letters experiment

A

10 seconden voor de urge to move is er al activation in the frontal en parietal cortex.

40
Q

coherent motion task

A

aangeven naar welke kant de meeste puntjes gaan.
hard - low coherence - niet duidelijk
easy - high coherence - bijna alle dots gaan in dezelfde reactie

Monkeys have activation in the posterior parietal cortex PCC, FEF, supplementary eye fields, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and even superior colliculi, before they move.
–> evidence accumulation of sensory evidence for a movement.

41
Q

Microstimulation in FEF during evidence
accumulation (before response) evokes eye
movements (up/down) that are biased by the
presented motion direction (up/down)
This bias is much stronger with high coherence →
Planned eye movement is “leaking through” when
the structure is activated by microstimulation

A

dus high coherence is more bias in FEF!

42
Q

high motivation for the task is…

A

more activity in posterior parietal cortex

43
Q

SMA is internally/externally driven

A

internally (from memory, what you learned). Het kan ook soms door visual cues die action guiden.

44
Q

premotor cortex is internally/externally driven

A

externally driven, werkt met cues -> able to guide movement sequences based on sensory cues.

45
Q

damage SMA

A

geen movements van memory terughalen, maar wel movements uitvoeren gebaseerd op sensory information.

46
Q

damage premotor cortex

A

geen movements kunnen uitvoeren op basis van sensory cues, maar wel dingen van memory kunnen halen.

47
Q

welk gedeelte van het brein voor location based movements (kopje koffie pakken)

A

posterior parietal cortex

48
Q

waarom is de PPC de goede plek voor location based movements

A

omdat je input vanaf beiden ogen nodig hebt, alle muscles, en body posture etc.

49
Q

patient DK, damage in visual region LO

A

cannot perceptually match and does not know what the object is, but can put the object in the slot. = visual agnosia

50
Q

patient VK, damage in posterior parietal cortex + hoe heet het

A

cannot put the object in the slot, but does know what it is and what its function is. = optic ataxia.

51
Q

ventral stream

A

what -> object recognition

52
Q

dorsal stream

A

where/how -> using objects

53
Q

welke mensen kunnen niet goed meer graspen en reachen, en hoe heet dit?

A

optic ataxia -> damage in PPC

54
Q

apraxia

A

inability to execute voluntary movements, especially complex movements (wel motivation and physical ability to do so)

55
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

inability to perform a learned action, follow verbal instructions or imitate someone.

56
Q

ideational apraxia

A

inability to use objects in their proper order

57
Q

verbal apraxia

A

difficulty producing speech

58
Q

which areas are damaged in apraxia

A

parietal and premotor cortex, mainly left hemisphere

59
Q

basal ganglia function

A

they inhibit most motor actions, but when they select an action they start/gate this one. therefore they start and stop actions.

60
Q

welk gedeelte van de basal ganglia inhibeert wat

A

globus pallidus + substantia nigra inhiberen de thalamus en subthalamic nucleus

61
Q

wat gebeurt er bij activation van basal ganglia

A

striatum (caudate en putamen) inhibteert de globus pallidus en substantia nigra –> inhiberen de thalamus niet meer –> thalamus kan de cortex activeren voor movement.

62
Q

balans tussen excitation en inhibition van basal ganglia leidt tot …

A

het coordineren van movement

63
Q

release van basal ganglia inhibition leidt ook tot..

A

eye movements!

  • Neurons in caudate nucleus fire just
    before eye movement initiation
  • Immediately after, neurons in substantia
    nigra pars reticulata (analogue of
    globus pallidus output for eye
    movements) cease firing
  • Resulting in burst of action potentials in
    superior colliculus → horizontal eye
    movement
64
Q

task met monkey is belangrijk, misschien nog opzoeken

A

oke

65
Q

direct vs indirect pathways in basal ganglia

A

direct: activation/gating of motor responses.
indirect: inhibition of motor responses

66
Q

parkinson waar damage?

A

direct pathway (kan niet goed bewegen)

67
Q

huntington en chorea waar damage

A

indirect pathway (te veel bewegen)

68
Q

wat zijn nog meer functies van de basal ganglia

A

motor, emotion, cognitive, motivational processes (vormen loop met cortex)

69
Q

hoeveel % van neuronen in cerebellum

A

80

70
Q

main function cerebellum

A

error correction, smoothening of movements

71
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A

balance and eyemovements

72
Q

spinocerebellum

A

smoothing movements on the fly (net als gewone spine!)

73
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A

planning, timing, attention, speech, learning, working memory

74
Q

goals and planning of sequences of movement door..

A

SMA, premotor, prefrontal

75
Q

activation of the body is more anterior/posterior

A

posterior

76
Q

planning of movement and activating muscles

A

M1

77
Q

basal ganglia

A

selecting and inhibiting motor actions, simple learning

78
Q

cerebellum

A

adjusting and smoothing ongoing movements

79
Q

brainstem

A

relaying motor signals and adjusting posture

80
Q

spinal cord

A

direct activation of single muscles and reflexes

81
Q

monkey study Libet

A

forced to delay movement initiation (ze mochten nog niet gelijk bewegen, wait in order to get a reward due to conditioning) -> anticipatory activity in the premotor cortex. we show readiness potential in EEG (local field potential) –> evidence accumulation.

anticipatory activity in premotor cortex
readiness potential in EEG
evidence accumulation

82
Q

anosognosia (wat is het en waar damage)

A

loss of awareness of one’s inability to move intentionally, damage to SMA + M1

83
Q

waar zie je readiness potential in humans

A

premotor, SMA, prefrontal, parietal cortex.

84
Q

libet

A

they had to tell the researcher when they decided to move -> brain prepares the action a considerable period before the participant becomes aware of the intention.

85
Q

optic ataxia

A

damage PPC -> cannot put object in slot

86
Q

visual agnosia

A

damage visual area -> does not know what object is

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