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Brain and Cognition 2 > Motor system > Flashcards

Motor system Flashcards

1
Q

motor cortex M1

A

initiating, and directing commands for voluntary movements to lower level circuits

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2
Q

basal ganglia tov motor action

A

gating proper initiation of movement, selecting and inhibiting motor actions, simple learning

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3
Q

cerebellum tov motor action

A

sensory motor coordination, smoothing of movements -> error correction.

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4
Q

brainstem tov motor action

A

relaying motor signals, basic movements and postuur

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5
Q

hoe gaat motor actie in het brein

A

motor cortex <- basal ganglia
brainstem <- cerebellum
|
v
local circuit neurons and lower motor neurons
^ |
| v
sensory input skeleton

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6
Q

dus wat beinvloedt de motor cortex

A

basal ganglia

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7
Q

dus wat beinvloed de brainstem

A

cerebellum

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8
Q

spinal cord tov motor action

A

direct activation of single muscle fibers
reflex organisation

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9
Q

do lower motor neurons in grey matter of spinal cord and brainstem directly innervate muscles

A

yes (some are simple neuron contractions, meaning no delay)

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10
Q

wat doen local circuit neurons

A

they connect sensory information to the motor neurons directly -> reflexes

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11
Q

what kind of movements does the spinal cord influence

A

rythmic movements (walking, swimming, cat: swing and stance, kan dit ook met alleen zijn spinal cord zonder brain)

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12
Q

motor invariance + begrip dat hierbij hoort

A

produce the same motor actions with different body parts.
(complex movements preserve distinctive features (shape style) even when performed by different muscle groups

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13
Q

motor programs zijn dus…

A

commands that specify a sequence of movement, independent of the actual muscle group carrying them out!

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14
Q

Supplementary Motor Area function

A

planning of sequences learned from memory (guitar playing)

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15
Q

premotor function

A

learning complex movements from sensory input/external cues (tijdens gitaarles). hier zit ook broca’s area bij voor speech

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16
Q

primary motor cortex M1

A

initiation of a single, but coordinated multijoint movement (bijvoorbeeld duwen van een deur)
activation of lower structures

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17
Q

posterior parietal cortex

A

location-based movement (grasping, reaching) -> keys or scissors

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18
Q

descending pathway from M1

A

upper motor neurons in M1 - medullary pyramid - cross the midline at the caudal end of the medulla - lateral corticospinal tract in spinal cord - grey matter of the cord and brain stem

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19
Q

only a little bit of the motor neurons does not cross

A

oke

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20
Q

neurons for facial expressions branch off in the …

A

brainstem

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21
Q

which cortical regions have topographical maps

A

supplementary motor area SMA, premotor, M1, the basal ganglia, and specific parts of the thalamus, and the cerebellum

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22
Q

what does M1 not do?

A

it does not activate individual muscles directly. but it sends motor programs downwards, to create complex movements

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23
Q

what is the specific function of motor neurons in M1

A

they fire to a subset of movements (bv alle push movements) and code the direction of these movements

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24
Q

wat hangt samen met de strenght of the movement

A

the neuron firing rates.

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25
dus zit er een delay tussen M1 neurons en de movement?
ja, M1 neurons fire well before the movement occurs.
26
hoe zit dit bij de FEF en SC?
ook die firen veel eerder dan dat je eye movements ziet
27
FEF naam
frontal eye fields
28
SC naam
superior colliculi
29
dus wat zijn de upper motor systems
M1, FEF, SC -> define what to do and how to do it.
30
wat zie je in een tuning curve
dat elke neuron een PREFFERED motor action heeft waarop je maximale activatie ziet. however, other directions also produce activity, but lower.
31
population vector
de richting waarin de neuronen gemiddeld naar toe firen. (= population coding)
32
the neurons DO NOT only code for a specific direction! they do have preferred ones.
oke
33
When monkeys are cued to reach towards a target but forced to delay movement initiation: Anticipatory activity in premotor cortex reflecting the intention to move.
oke
34
waar begint planning related movement het eerste
in premotor cortex, dan pas na M1
35
waar kan je de intention to move eerst zien voordat de movement wordt uitgevoerd
premotor, SMA, parietal, prefrontal cortex
36
readiness potential is..
je ziet dat de firing heel erg omhoog gaat voordat de movement wordt uitgevoerd -> accumulation of evidence
37
anosognosia
loss of awareness of one's inability to move intentionally (je denkt dat je nog kan bewegen, maar dat kan niet). bij damage to premotor cortex and M1
38
Libet
role of awareness in motor planning: there is activation in the brain 1000 ms before the movement, and the urge to act occurs 200 ms before the movement.
39
Libet met letters experiment
10 seconden voor de urge to move is er al activation in the frontal en parietal cortex.
40
coherent motion task
aangeven naar welke kant de meeste puntjes gaan. hard - low coherence - niet duidelijk easy - high coherence - bijna alle dots gaan in dezelfde reactie Monkeys have activation in the posterior parietal cortex PCC, FEF, supplementary eye fields, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and even superior colliculi, before they move. --> evidence accumulation of sensory evidence for a movement.
41
Microstimulation in FEF during evidence accumulation (before response) evokes eye movements (up/down) that are biased by the presented motion direction (up/down) This bias is much stronger with high coherence → Planned eye movement is “leaking through” when the structure is activated by microstimulation
dus high coherence is more bias in FEF!
42
high motivation for the task is...
more activity in posterior parietal cortex
43
SMA is internally/externally driven
internally (from memory, what you learned). Het kan ook soms door visual cues die action guiden.
44
premotor cortex is internally/externally driven
externally driven, werkt met cues -> able to guide movement sequences based on sensory cues.
45
damage SMA
geen movements van memory terughalen, maar wel movements uitvoeren gebaseerd op sensory information.
46
damage premotor cortex
geen movements kunnen uitvoeren op basis van sensory cues, maar wel dingen van memory kunnen halen.
47
welk gedeelte van het brein voor location based movements (kopje koffie pakken)
posterior parietal cortex
48
waarom is de PPC de goede plek voor location based movements
omdat je input vanaf beiden ogen nodig hebt, alle muscles, en body posture etc.
49
patient DK, damage in visual region LO
cannot perceptually match and does not know what the object is, but can put the object in the slot. = visual agnosia
50
patient VK, damage in posterior parietal cortex + hoe heet het
cannot put the object in the slot, but does know what it is and what its function is. = optic ataxia.
51
ventral stream
what -> object recognition
52
dorsal stream
where/how -> using objects
53
welke mensen kunnen niet goed meer graspen en reachen, en hoe heet dit?
optic ataxia -> damage in PPC
54
apraxia
inability to execute voluntary movements, especially complex movements (wel motivation and physical ability to do so)
55
ideomotor apraxia
inability to perform a learned action, follow verbal instructions or imitate someone.
56
ideational apraxia
inability to use objects in their proper order
57
verbal apraxia
difficulty producing speech
58
which areas are damaged in apraxia
parietal and premotor cortex, mainly left hemisphere
59
basal ganglia function
they inhibit most motor actions, but when they select an action they start/gate this one. therefore they start and stop actions.
60
welk gedeelte van de basal ganglia inhibeert wat
globus pallidus + substantia nigra inhiberen de thalamus en subthalamic nucleus
61
wat gebeurt er bij activation van basal ganglia
striatum (caudate en putamen) inhibteert de globus pallidus en substantia nigra --> inhiberen de thalamus niet meer --> thalamus kan de cortex activeren voor movement.
62
balans tussen excitation en inhibition van basal ganglia leidt tot ...
het coordineren van movement
63
release van basal ganglia inhibition leidt ook tot..
eye movements! * Neurons in caudate nucleus fire just before eye movement initiation * Immediately after, neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata (analogue of globus pallidus output for eye movements) cease firing * Resulting in burst of action potentials in superior colliculus → horizontal eye movement
64
task met monkey is belangrijk, misschien nog opzoeken
oke
65
direct vs indirect pathways in basal ganglia
direct: activation/gating of motor responses. indirect: inhibition of motor responses
66
parkinson waar damage?
direct pathway (kan niet goed bewegen)
67
huntington en chorea waar damage
indirect pathway (te veel bewegen)
68
wat zijn nog meer functies van de basal ganglia
motor, emotion, cognitive, motivational processes (vormen loop met cortex)
69
hoeveel % van neuronen in cerebellum
80
70
main function cerebellum
error correction, smoothening of movements
71
vestibulocerebellum
balance and eyemovements
72
spinocerebellum
smoothing movements on the fly (net als gewone spine!)
73
cerebrocerebellum
planning, timing, attention, speech, learning, working memory
74
goals and planning of sequences of movement door..
SMA, premotor, prefrontal
75
activation of the body is more anterior/posterior
posterior
76
planning of movement and activating muscles
M1
77
basal ganglia
selecting and inhibiting motor actions, simple learning
78
cerebellum
adjusting and smoothing ongoing movements
79
brainstem
relaying motor signals and adjusting posture
80
spinal cord
direct activation of single muscles and reflexes
81
monkey study Libet
forced to delay movement initiation (ze mochten nog niet gelijk bewegen, wait in order to get a reward due to conditioning) -> anticipatory activity in the premotor cortex. we show readiness potential in EEG (local field potential) --> evidence accumulation. anticipatory activity in premotor cortex readiness potential in EEG evidence accumulation
82
anosognosia (wat is het en waar damage)
loss of awareness of one's inability to move intentionally, damage to SMA + M1
83
waar zie je readiness potential in humans
premotor, SMA, prefrontal, parietal cortex.
84
libet
they had to tell the researcher when they decided to move -> brain prepares the action a considerable period before the participant becomes aware of the intention.
85
optic ataxia
damage PPC -> cannot put object in slot
86
visual agnosia
damage visual area -> does not know what object is

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