Language Flashcards

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1
Q

central aspect of language

A

communication

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2
Q

language is important for…

A
  • learning (without learning only conditioning and observing)
  • daily life (social exchange, ook gossip!)
  • culture (art, science, technology)
  • humanity (laws, human rights)
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3
Q

language 2 forms

A

comprehension: hearing, reading
production: speech, writing

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4
Q

is language difficult?

A

 Intuition
– Simple
– Easy to learn
– Thinking about your message is difficult,
speech itself goes effortlessly
 In reality
– Besides the message, lots of muscles and
motor programming involved for each
speech sound (zie xray ken stevens -> je gebruikt een hele hoop spieren!)

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5
Q

source filter model

A
  1. air expelled from the lungs
  2. vocal cords in larynx produce basic frequencies
  3. final sound door influence oral and nasal cavities
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6
Q

speech sounds change depending on the context

A

(bv it takes one to know one)

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7
Q

wat is de hierarchy van speech

A

discourse - sentence - words - sound/phones - phoneme

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8
Q

phones

A

the physical speech sound itself (k in kit and skill is perceived as the same, even though it is different)

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9
Q

phoneme

A

smallest unit of sound that causes a difference in meaning (bag - bat)

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10
Q

3 kenmerken van phonemes

A
  1. phoneme =/= meaning (two, too, to = zelfde phoneme)
  2. phoneme =/= letters (e in deserve zijn anders)
  3. phonemes only exist in our minds
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11
Q

how do we produce words

A

 Use of rules
– Which orders of sounds are allowed?
– Different for each language
* In Dutch: not more than four subsequent consonant
sounds in one syllable
– Herfst
* Train station name in Wales:
Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch
– For most people the rules are completely
unconscious
 Permitted speech-sound order can be formally
described in grammar

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12
Q

how do we produce sentences

A

 Use of rules
– Which orders of words are allowed?
– Different for each language
* I see that John kicks the dog
– English is a Subject Verb Object-language (SVO)
* Ik zie dat Jan de hond slaat
– Dutch is an SOV-language
– Again, for most completely unconscious!
 The rules that define the structure of words
in a sentence can be formally described in a
syntax

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13
Q

grammar=

A

permitted speech-sound order

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14
Q

synthax=

A

the structure of words in a sentence

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15
Q

gekke aan speech-sound perception

A

we horen altijd hetzelfde, hoewel er verschillen zitten tussen…
- woorden (bet en bee)
- verschillen tussen speakers (man-vrouw)
- verschillen within speakers (als je ziek bent)
- coarticulation (a sound gets influenced by a sound that came before that)
- physical differences between the same phoneme within different words

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16
Q

hoe zit het met phonemes bij babies tijdens eerste 6 maanden

A
  • babies can hear all phonemes until 6 mo
  • after 6 mo: they can still hear all possible phonemes of every language, but start to prefer phonemes from their own language
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17
Q

na 6 maanden wat doen babies

A

use phonetic protoypes (perceptual magnets) to group phones to phonemes in their own language.
but similer phones that group in other languages are still perceived as individual phones

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18
Q

example experiment phonemes babies

A

 On each trial, babies heard
the prototype and a variant,
both for English /i/ and
Swedish /y/
 When they detected a
change they made a head
turn
– Rewarded by a toy bear
playing a miniature drum

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19
Q

experiment grafiek interpreteren

A

 Y-axes: percentage of
trials in which children
did not move their head
(indicating they did not
hear a difference):
Red = American /i/
Blue = Swedish /y/
 6 month old babies were
better to discriminate the
two sounds in the nonnative
language

(dus lagere scores = beter)

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20
Q

dus similar phones in own language vs similar phones in other languages

A

own: grouped to phonemes due to perceptual magnets
other: remain perceived as individual, different phones

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21
Q

hoe heet perceptual magnets ook wel

A

categorical perception
phonetic prototypes

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22
Q

wat als we een artificially made gradual change is (bijv van ba naar da)

A

we only hear abrupt changes

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23
Q

na 10 maanden

A

babies horen geen verschil meer tussen twee tonen uit hindi

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24
Q

dus newborn, 6 mo and after 1 year regarding phonemes:

A

new-borns: can differentiate between all posible phonemes
6 mo: can discriminate phonemmes from non-native language better
after one year: babies have lost the ability to hear all possible phonemes. horen alleen categorieën en de relevante verschillen tussen phonemes voor eigen taal.

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25
Q

dus na 1 jaar

A

After 1 year, babies have lost the ability to
hear all possible phonemes… -> tuned in to own mother tongue!

  • They distinguish between native phonemes
  • They fail to distinguish between non-native
    phonemes which would not cause a different
    phonemic concept in their mother tongue
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26
Q

hoe zie je het verschil na 1 jaar in experiment

A

 4-month-old English and Japanese babies
hear the difference between the closely
related phones [r] and [l]
– alive vs arrive
 When these toddlers are 1 year old, the
English toddlers still hear the difference but
the Japanese toddlers don’t…

-> in engels zijn dit verschillende phonemes, maar in japan niet relevant, dus daarom horen zij het verschil niet meer. babies learn to ignore the things that are not relevant in their own language

27
Q

wat helpt bij het ignoren van phonemes

A

motherese (baby talk -> overexaggeration of these phonemes)

28
Q

McGurk effect

A

when phonemes are not categorized correctly (you hear BA, see GA, perceive DA)

29
Q

welke delen van sensory geven input tijdens McGurk effect

A
  • auditory: manner of articulation
  • visual: lip movement (place of articulation)
  • visual information is automatically integrated in the speech perception process! -> superior temporal sulcus is involved
30
Q

phonemes is een…

A

mental representation, separate entities

31
Q

hoe gaat het vanaf phonemes

A

phonemes - words - sentence - dialogue

32
Q

words are also mental constructs…

A

we hear breaks, but these do not exist in real life! (denk aan frans)

33
Q

Written words often do not convey the correct phonemic information

A

because because letters often do not correspond to phonemes

34
Q

letter sound relations

A
  • regular/transparant (boxer) -> obvious how to pronounce
  • irregular/opaque (cough) -> not obvious how to pronounce
35
Q

english is regular/irregular

A

irregular

36
Q

dutch is regular/irregular

A

regular

37
Q

dyslexia in brein

A

underdeveloped cortex and white matter
less activation in visual word form area VWFA

38
Q

language learning mechanisms

A
  • categorical perception
  • motherese
  • veel blootstelling aan
  • fast mapping of words on meaning in mind
39
Q

verschillende hersen gebieden bij volwassen en kinderen tijdens…

A

language generation

40
Q

language in welke hemisfeer

A

left!

41
Q

mental lexicon

A

soort mental dictionary met alle informatie over woorden (meaning, pronouncuation)

42
Q

connectionist theories

A

associations between words in mental lexicon en ook meaning - pronouncuation etc

43
Q

hoe weten we dat L hemisphere for language is

A

wada test (temporarily anesthetise one half of the brain)

44
Q

language domincance facts

A

 Language is dominant in the left hemisphere
for most people (± 90%)
 Language-dominant right only in:
– ± 4% of right-handed people
– ± 15% of ambidextrous
– ± 27% of left-handed people

45
Q

hoe worden broca en wernicke geconnect

A

door arcuate fisciculus

46
Q

repeating a word route

A

primary auditory cortex - wernicke - arcuate fasciculus - broca - motor cortex

47
Q

reading out loud route

A

primary visual cortex - angular gyrus - wernicke - arcuate fasciculus - broca - motor

48
Q

aphasia

A

cannot speak

49
Q

aphasia causes

A

external: accident, violence
internal: CVA (hemorrage (burst) or infarct (blockage)), tumour, infection, degenerative condition

50
Q

most famous patient Broca

A

leborgne (Tan) -> damage left frontal lobe (brocas area)

51
Q

brocas aphasia

A
  • speech production
  • finding the right words
  • grammar

spreken vooral met…
- telegram style, veel pauzes
- no function of words or morphemes

52
Q

wernickes area waar

A

superior temporal gyrus

53
Q

wernickes aphasia

A

fluent, but sentences make no sense.
speech perception
speech has phonemic paraphasias

54
Q

right hemisphere damage may cause

A

aprosodia

55
Q

aprosodia

A

problems with melody of speech -> monotonic

56
Q

semantic errors in ERPs

A

produce N400 –> negative activity 400 ms after stimulus presentation

57
Q

Blind people use the “visual” cortex for

A

processing Braille, memory and sound

58
Q

Some patients with limited damage to the
left temporal lobe show language difficulties
for animals but not for non-animate objects

A

oke

59
Q

different categories of language

A

have different areas of the brain (bv animals vs tools)

60
Q

communication between animal language and humans

A

bees -> bee dance in right direction for food

61
Q

can animals learn human language

A

 The African grey
Parrot Alex
– Good pronunciation
– Knew about 100 words
– Could answer simple questions (e.g.
about size, colour, material, number if <
7)
 It took a lot of training.
(training started in 1977, Alex † 2007)

The bonobo Kanzi
– Can use more than 256 lexigrams
– Knows the meaning of 500 English
words
– Has language understanding of a 2½
year old child
– Little training needed
(Picked it up himself during
the training of his
mother)

62
Q

difference of the animals vs humans in use of syntax

A

– Bees
* Very limited
– Alex
* Hardly any grammar (had some expressions)
– Kanzi
* Some grammatical knowledge (but no plurals,
verb conjugations, etc.)

63
Q

is human language unique

A

Other species seem to use similar communication systems, but less complex

64
Q

engels is…

A

SVO