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Brain and Cognition 2 > Decision making > Flashcards

Decision making Flashcards

1
Q

how do we choose between two things: classical method

A

= normale aanpak

attach value to an outcome (what is an event worth to u)
assess its probability (what is the likelihood)

probability * value = expected value

-> optie kiezen met de hoogste EV

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2
Q

problems classical method

A
  • hoe weet je de probability
  • hoe weet je all possible outcomes
  • hoe weet je de values van wat het worth is to u
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3
Q

wat doen we om om dit op te lossen (de problemen)

A

use heuristics (rule of thumb)

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4
Q

heuristics soorten

A
  1. satisfying -> you choose the first option that meets your criteria
  2. anchoring -> we accept and rely on the information that we receive first
  3. subjective utility -> we are let by our own expected utility (what is it worth to me) rather than expected value (what is it worth)
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5
Q

wealth increase means…

A

steeds kleinere increase van utility (1 euro als je maar 100 euro hebt vs 1 euro als je 1.000.000 hebt)

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6
Q

hoe het heet effect tussen wealth and utility

A

diminishing marginal utility (the more you have, the more you need)

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7
Q

wat kiezen mensen in positief/gain frame

A

safe choice

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8
Q

wat kiezen mensen in negatief/loss frame

A

risky choice

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9
Q

at gebeurt er als mensen een andere strategie kiezen dan normaal (risky in gain frame, of safe in loss frame)

A

activity in dm PFC

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10
Q

framing effect

A

the way a dilemma is formulated can have a large impact on the option people choose

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11
Q

pospect theory algemeen

A

mensen willen loss aversion!

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12
Q

prospect theory detailed

A

the decrease of utility due to losses is larger than the increase of utility due to winnings.

= losing is harder than winning

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13
Q

2 aspects of prospect theory

A
  1. reference dependence: choices depend on the situation, different people may choose different things
  2. probability weighting
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14
Q

probability weighting

A

people overestimate chances with low probability (car accident)
people underestimate chances with high probability (getting cancer)

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15
Q

endownment effect

A

(part of prospect theory)

people ask more money for something they own, than what they would pay for it themselves.
- selling feels like a loss -> loss aversion, subjective value is higher when you lose it than when you win it

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16
Q

primary reinforcers

A

(=positive reinforcers)
food, water, sex

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17
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

have no intrinsic value, but can achieve primary reinforcers

money

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18
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal of aversive/negative outcome

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19
Q

punishment

A

delivery of aversive outcome

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20
Q

which brain areas are activated by primary reinforcers

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum), rest of the brain via dopaminergic pathways

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21
Q

VTA projects to

A

nucleus accumbens, amygdalae, hippocampus, medial PFC

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22
Q

addiction to all drugs is linked to..

A

dopaminergic activity in the reward circuit

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23
Q

rats are highly motivated to..

A

stimulate their VTA

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24
Q

dopamine is about liking/motivation

A

motivation!! (NOT liking)

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25
rats, dopamine and liking?
rats without dopaminergic neurons still have normal reactions to things they like. but they do not look for things they like = motivation
26
which tracts are necessary for motivation
VTA-NA tracts
27
to which neurotransmitter is liking related
endorphins
28
stimulation of nucleus accumbens causes dopamine release only if...
the stimulus happens unexpected
29
liking and wanting: The brain happens to use two types of neurotransmitters for this, but normally they work together
oke
30
lastige met extrinsic rewards
if people intrinsically like something, this can get fucked up by extrinsic rewards. -> loss of internal motivation
31
extrinsic rewards can lead to loss of internal motivation: experiment that shows this
 Participants played a game in which they had to stop a timer at exact 5 s  Half of the participants received a reward during the first session only, control subjects never received a reward  Activation in the ventral striatum disappeared in session 2 in people who were rewarded first minder activiteit in ventral striatum if rewarded
32
neurons in VTA fire when....
something changes in the information about getting the reward -> learning! (dus activity in VTA gaat niet om de reward zelf)
33
how do we show that it is about the information we have regarding how to get the reward
monkeys learn to press lever, get juice. -> increased VTA response at reward. later they need to press lever only when light is on (discrimination training) -> increased VTA response at the cue
34
VTA activation also reflects...
prediction errors (false prediction = more activation).
35
unpredictible rewards = activation in...
VTA and ACC
36
unexpected losses cause
negative polarity in EEG in ACC
37
where can the effects of rewards be seen...
all throughout the brain
38
most dopamine neurons react strongest to... and are inhibited by...
rewards, punishment
39
but some neurons...
in the midbrain dopamine system get activated by rewards and punishments! (air puffs)
40
prediction error =
wanneer je iets verwacht maar er niks gebeurd, of andersom
41
uncertainty due to...
what whill the outcome be??? - risk aversion - ambiguity avoidance when will the outcome occur??? - delay discounting
42
risk =
estimated variance in possible outcomes
43
areas involved in risk assessment
- dlPFC - dmPFC - PPC posterior parietal lobe - anterior part insula
44
which areas are involved in executive functions?
dlPFC, dmPFC, PPC
45
anterior insula activity
standard economic decisions, gain/loss anticipation
46
dmPFC activity regarding information
with limited information, if the outcomes are unclear (rolling a dice)
47
ambiguity
if you do not know the probability of an outcome
48
dus different areas for ambiguity and risk
ambiguity -> dm PFC, dl PFC risk -> insula
49
ambiguity activity where
dlPFC
50
uncertainty due to delay
the further in the future, the less the reward is worth
51
eerst prefer ... and then you prefer ...
small soon large late (na een bepaalde tijd moet je toch wachten; dus dan maakt het niet meer uit)
52
hoe noem je dat je dingen later minder graag wil
delay discounting
53
dual system model
system 1: think fast, automatic, parallel, context dependent, emotionally controlled system 2: slow, serial, controlled, (cost-benefit analysis)
54
system 1 which brain areas
ventral striatum, posterior cingulate cortex, mPFC
55
system 2 which brain areas
lateral prefrontal cortex
56
Other evidence shows that System 1 may be active for decisions involving longer delays as well
oke
57
monkeys would pay in juice to look at
- grey squares - low ranking monkeys + high ranking monkeys + female mating
58
attractive faces activate...
ventrial striatum, PFC
59
prosocial behaviour activates..
ventral striatum, and regions involved in social cognition
60
best strategy in prisoners dilemma
consistent cooporation
61
cooporation = increase in...
nucleus accumbens
62
how to measure cooporation
iterative trust game endownment phase - trust phase - reciprocity phase
63
what is the strongest predictor of trust
reciprocity. - When the investor increased the investment after the response of the trustee, trustee’s trust increased - When the investor decreased the investment after the response of the trustee, trustee’s trust decreased
64
activity in trustee
caudate nucleus
65
which part does the investor use for cognitive control
cingulate gyrus
66
unfair offers lead to brain activity in the ...
insula
67
which part of the brain accepts the unfair offer
right dlPFC
68
altruistic punishment; wat is het en waar activiteit
- when people punish each other, although it costs something for themselves! - ventral striatum

Brain and Cognition 2 (9 decks)

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