Decision making Flashcards
how do we choose between two things: classical method
= normale aanpak
attach value to an outcome (what is an event worth to u)
assess its probability (what is the likelihood)
probability * value = expected value
-> optie kiezen met de hoogste EV
problems classical method
- hoe weet je de probability
- hoe weet je all possible outcomes
- hoe weet je de values van wat het worth is to u
wat doen we om om dit op te lossen (de problemen)
use heuristics (rule of thumb)
heuristics soorten
- satisfying -> you choose the first option that meets your criteria
- anchoring -> we accept and rely on the information that we receive first
- subjective utility -> we are let by our own expected utility (what is it worth to me) rather than expected value (what is it worth)
wealth increase means…
steeds kleinere increase van utility (1 euro als je maar 100 euro hebt vs 1 euro als je 1.000.000 hebt)
hoe het heet effect tussen wealth and utility
diminishing marginal utility (the more you have, the more you need)
wat kiezen mensen in positief/gain frame
safe choice
wat kiezen mensen in negatief/loss frame
risky choice
at gebeurt er als mensen een andere strategie kiezen dan normaal (risky in gain frame, of safe in loss frame)
activity in dm PFC
framing effect
the way a dilemma is formulated can have a large impact on the option people choose
pospect theory algemeen
mensen willen loss aversion!
prospect theory detailed
the decrease of utility due to losses is larger than the increase of utility due to winnings.
= losing is harder than winning
2 aspects of prospect theory
- reference dependence: choices depend on the situation, different people may choose different things
- probability weighting
probability weighting
people overestimate chances with low probability (car accident)
people underestimate chances with high probability (getting cancer)
endownment effect
(part of prospect theory)
people ask more money for something they own, than what they would pay for it themselves.
- selling feels like a loss -> loss aversion, subjective value is higher when you lose it than when you win it
primary reinforcers
(=positive reinforcers)
food, water, sex
secondary reinforcers
have no intrinsic value, but can achieve primary reinforcers
money
negative reinforcement
removal of aversive/negative outcome
punishment
delivery of aversive outcome
which brain areas are activated by primary reinforcers
ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum), rest of the brain via dopaminergic pathways
VTA projects to
nucleus accumbens, amygdalae, hippocampus, medial PFC
addiction to all drugs is linked to..
dopaminergic activity in the reward circuit
rats are highly motivated to..
stimulate their VTA
dopamine is about liking/motivation
motivation!! (NOT liking)
rats, dopamine and liking?
rats without dopaminergic neurons still have normal reactions to things they like. but they do not look for things they like = motivation
which tracts are necessary for motivation
VTA-NA tracts
to which neurotransmitter is liking related
endorphins