Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Brain and Cognition 2 > Executive functions > Flashcards

Executive functions Flashcards

1
Q

abulia

A

frontal brain damage

  • flat affect
  • no motivation
  • limited willpower
  • easily distracted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

acquired sociopathy

A

personality change -> sociopathic behaviour, due to damage to frontal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ACC which part related to executive functions

A

dorsal ACC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ADHD

A

impulsiveness, short attention span, continual activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

baddely model

A

working memory:
central executive
/ | \
phonological loop visuospatial sketchpad episodic buffer
\ | /
long term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are basal ganglia

A

subcortical, frontal lobes in white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 main parts of basal ganglia + two other parts that are often included

A

caudate, globus pallidus, putamen

subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra (SS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

confabulation

A

patients with memory problems: generation of false memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

delay-period activity

A

activity that persists in individuals whilst testing working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

disinhibition syndrome

A

door damage ventral PFC

loss of control, outbursts, no inhibition in social settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dysexecutive syndrome

A

damage to dlPFC

inability to change behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

error-related negativity

A

marker that shows that participants make errors in tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

frontopolar cortex

A

most anterior part of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

volatility

A

how much the rules change during an event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

orbitofrontocortex

A

emotions and decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

wisconsin card sorting test

A

in 4 categories, participants have to sort them based on untold rules which can change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

schizophrenia

A

disordered thought, withdrawal syndrome, inaccurate beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

working memory

A

information kept briefly in the mind to complete a certain task (iets zoeken in een kamer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

persevaration

A

hetzelfde gedrag aanhouden terwijl de stimuli of rules veranderen (en het zou dus logischer zijn als het gedrag ook zou veranderen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

phrenology

A

maps of brain functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

reversal learning

A

mensen die zich wel realiseren dat de regels zijn veranderd -> dus ander behaviour nodig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

somatic marker hypothesis

A

“Somatic markers” are feelings in the body that are associated with emotions, such as the association of rapid heartbeat with anxiety or of nausea with disgust.

According to the hypothesis, somatic markers strongly influence subsequent decision-making.

Within the brain, somatic markers are thought to be processed in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and the amygdala.

The hypothesis has been tested in experiments using the Iowa gambling task.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

suprising stimuli in ERP….

A

show P300 - P500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The fact that Genie was unable to learn syntax can be interpreted as a form of evidence that there is a critical period for certain aspects of language acquisition. This supports the idea that the ability to learn a language is …

A

innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
A lexical decision task is highly appropriate for measuring ___.
implicit memory (priming!)
26
Fill in the blanks. Vocal sounds are very variable on a continuous scale. The perception of phonemes is ____________. This is why we are more sensitive to different sounds ____________ phonetic categories than ____________ phonetic categories.
categorical, across, within
27
rules and control in goal-directed behaviour
input is often complex, whilst output is limited to one action
28
brain area for rules
lateral PFC
29
brain area for monitoring and control
medial PFC
30
hoe van rules naar monitoring
rules (lPFC) -> goals -> working memory -> monitoring (mPFC) -> rules etc...
31
establishing and modifying rules
- initiating new rules - inhibition inappropriate rules - shifting among rules - relating rules
32
contextual control
monitoring
33
working memory
- maintenance - manipulation
34
lateral pfc
establishing and modifying rules - initiation - inhibiting - shifting - relating working memory - maintenance -manipulation
35
medial pfc
contextual control - monitoring
36
dus kort... lateral pfc
working memory and rules
37
dus kort... medial pfc
conflict monitoring and control
38
lateral PFC in detail
* Upper part (dorsolateral, DLPFC): Initiating, inhibiting, and changing rules for behavior (and traditionally, working memory) * Lower part (ventrolateral, inferior frontal gyrus) parts: Motor inhibition * Most anterior portion frontopolar cortex: Higher-order rules
39
medial PFC in detail
* Posterior/dorsal part (including the anterior cingulate cortex, ACC): Conflict monitoring, control * Anterior/ventral part: Emotion/social cognition (orbitofrontal: Motivation, emotion, reward)
40
waar ligt lateral en medial PFC
medial in het midden, lateral er naast
41
damage to PFC kenmerken
patients first appear normal, but have complex, idiosyncratic impairments in forming, updating, and implementing rules for appropriate or effective behavior
42
3 voorbeelden damage to PFC
1. Environmental dependency syndrome 2. Disinhibition syndrome 3. Dysexecutive syndrome
43
environmental dependency syndrome waar damage
anterior and medial PFC damage
44
environmental dependency syndrome
* Actions guided not on the patient’s own goals but on what is available in the immediate surrounding environment * Imitation behavior: For example, imitating the physician (hand gestures, body postures, drawing, combing hair, chewing on a pencil, speaking, singing, etc.) * Utilization behavior: Abnormal reliance on environmental stimuli to trigger behavior (e.g., repeatedly drinking from a glass without being thirsty)
45
disinhibition syndrome waar damage
ventral/medial PFC
46
disinhibtion syndrome kenmerken
* Purposeless movements, euphoria/mania, abnormal sense of humor. * Inappropriate social behavior (fail to process social cues, laugh inappropriately, reveal embarrassing personal information, etc.). * Pass laboratory tests of response inhibition and workingmemory. * Phineas Gage? Currently debated.
47
dysexecutive syndrome waar damage
lateral PFC
48
dysexecutive syndrome kenmerken
* Apathy, fail to plan, do not set long-term goals, leave tasks uncompleted, limited span of attention. * Lack of insight, deny the existence of any problem, confabulation. * Fail in laboratory tests of response inhibition and working memory. misschien phineas gage deze?
49
PFC size comparison
humans = primates (only absolute size is larger in humans, but not proportional) but primates > andere dieren
50
lateral PFC has specific neurons for.. (+ mention experiment to test this)
each rule! initiating rules: A. monkey had to press cue that matches (gets juice) B. monkey had to press cue that does not match (otherwise: high tone) some neurons only fire during the matching rule, others only fire during the nonmatching rule. therefore: stimulus independent information about rules in the neurons!
51
oddball task
an oddball target requires another response than the rest of the stimuli. -> inhibition of the standard response this triggers P300 in the dorsolateral PFC.
52
go/no go task
opposite of oddball task response to go needs to be inhibited for no go stimuli activity in lateral PFC
53
stop-signal task
respond to stimuli but inhibit response if a stop signal is presented activity in inferior frontal gyrus
54
wisconsin card sorting test
- cards need to be sorted along one of three categories: color, shape, number - trial and error learning of the rules, based on feedback - rule changes after unknown amount of trials - patients with PFC damage: perseveration (persistence of behaviour) = difficulty shifting rules
55
frontopolar cortex does....
higher order integration of rules, when abstract information needs to be related and combined
56
higher order integration of rules
combine simple rules to form a complex rule (frontopolar cortex)
57
hoe meet je higher order integration of rules
stimuli varying in shape and texture: participants need to decide whether the top and bottom pair differ in the same dimension = relational control
58
the more abstract and complex the rule...
the more anterior!!!
59
what happens in the stroop task
conflict of information Irrelevant words automatically evoke rules for responding that can interfere with producing the correct ink name
60
where does conflict in the stroop task evoke activation
ACC
61
activation and reaction time in stroop test is greater when...
previous trial is congruent (dus wel blauw woord met blauw), want dit geeft meer conflict (bij de vorige was het wel de goede rule)
62
what does the ACC do
activates dlPFC --> for updating the rules
63
waar is de posterior anterior hierarchie
PFC en ACC
64
ACC opbouw
* Posterior: Control of conflict between potential responses * Middle: Control of conflict between possible options * Anterior: Control of conflict between ongoing strategy and goals/context
65
WM capacity is...
extremely limited
66
people with higher WM capacity
- IQ higher - school performance better - creative - proactive
67
baddeley working memory model
phonological loop -> language central executive visuospatial sketchpad -> visual semantics episodic buffer -> episodic memory
68
cowans working memory model
parts of the long term memory can be activated via the central executive. WM is the representations that are activated, due to attention (from the central executive)
69
difference baddeley and cowans
baddeley: apart systeem voor WM en LTM cowans: no separation, WM and LTM have the same brain areas
70
delay period activity
even when the info is not needed yet, neurons in dlPFC keep on firing for their stimulus, during the delay between cue presentation and response.
71
delay period activity happens...
in entire brain!
72
delay activity facts
fMRI activity keeps firing during whole delay more information = more activity higher activation = better wm performance, less distractions manipulation of information in wm works better than simple maintenance
73
WM which brain regions
dlPFC, but many others
74
Information held in WM reflects processing in brain areas sensitive to the type of information (consistent with the Cowan model!) rather than processing in distinct “WM areas”
oke
75
Dorsolateral PFC may have a special role in selecting, manipulating, and rehearsing that information
oke
76
lateral PFC
initiating, inhibiting, shifting and relating of rules
77
medial PFC/ACC
monitoring and control, needed for updating of rules bij lateral PFC
78
hierarchical organization in PFC and ACC
posterior is more simple, anterior is more complex
79
working memory involves delay period in...
dorsolateral PFC, parietal cortex and stimulus specific sensory regions
80
stimulus specific sensory regions also have delays, which is evidence for which model?
cowan
81
lateral PFC
rules working memory system 2 thinking
82
medial PFC
mentalizing, perspective taking cognitive control, monitoring system 1 thinking

Brain and Cognition 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions