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Brain and Cognition 2 > Executive functions > Flashcards

Executive functions Flashcards

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1
Q

abulia

A

frontal brain damage

  • flat affect
  • no motivation
  • limited willpower
  • easily distracted
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2
Q

acquired sociopathy

A

personality change -> sociopathic behaviour, due to damage to frontal lobes

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3
Q

ACC which part related to executive functions

A

dorsal ACC

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4
Q

ADHD

A

impulsiveness, short attention span, continual activity

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5
Q

baddely model

A

working memory:
central executive
/ | \
phonological loop visuospatial sketchpad episodic buffer
\ | /
long term memory

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6
Q

where are basal ganglia

A

subcortical, frontal lobes in white matter

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7
Q

3 main parts of basal ganglia + two other parts that are often included

A

caudate, globus pallidus, putamen

subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra (SS)

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8
Q

confabulation

A

patients with memory problems: generation of false memories

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9
Q

delay-period activity

A

activity that persists in individuals whilst testing working memory

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10
Q

disinhibition syndrome

A

door damage ventral PFC

loss of control, outbursts, no inhibition in social settings

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11
Q

dysexecutive syndrome

A

damage to dlPFC

inability to change behaviour

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12
Q

error-related negativity

A

marker that shows that participants make errors in tasks

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13
Q

frontopolar cortex

A

most anterior part of the cortex

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14
Q

volatility

A

how much the rules change during an event

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15
Q

orbitofrontocortex

A

emotions and decision making

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16
Q

wisconsin card sorting test

A

in 4 categories, participants have to sort them based on untold rules which can change

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17
Q

schizophrenia

A

disordered thought, withdrawal syndrome, inaccurate beliefs

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18
Q

working memory

A

information kept briefly in the mind to complete a certain task (iets zoeken in een kamer)

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19
Q

persevaration

A

hetzelfde gedrag aanhouden terwijl de stimuli of rules veranderen (en het zou dus logischer zijn als het gedrag ook zou veranderen)

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20
Q

phrenology

A

maps of brain functions

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21
Q

reversal learning

A

mensen die zich wel realiseren dat de regels zijn veranderd -> dus ander behaviour nodig

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22
Q

somatic marker hypothesis

A

“Somatic markers” are feelings in the body that are associated with emotions, such as the association of rapid heartbeat with anxiety or of nausea with disgust.

According to the hypothesis, somatic markers strongly influence subsequent decision-making.

Within the brain, somatic markers are thought to be processed in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and the amygdala.

The hypothesis has been tested in experiments using the Iowa gambling task.

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23
Q

suprising stimuli in ERP….

A

show P300 - P500

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24
Q

The fact that Genie was unable to learn syntax can be interpreted as a form of evidence that there is a critical period for certain aspects of language acquisition. This supports the idea that the ability to learn a language is …

A

innate

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25
Q

A lexical decision task is highly appropriate for measuring ___.

A

implicit memory (priming!)

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26
Q

Fill in the blanks. Vocal sounds are very variable on a continuous scale. The perception of phonemes is ____________. This is why we are more sensitive to different sounds ____________ phonetic categories than ____________ phonetic categories.

A

categorical, across, within

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27
Q

rules and control in goal-directed behaviour

A

input is often complex, whilst output is limited to one action

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28
Q

brain area for rules

A

lateral PFC

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29
Q

brain area for monitoring and control

A

medial PFC

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30
Q

hoe van rules naar monitoring

A

rules (lPFC) -> goals -> working memory -> monitoring (mPFC) -> rules etc…

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31
Q

establishing and modifying rules

A
  • initiating new rules
  • inhibition inappropriate rules
  • shifting among rules
  • relating rules
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32
Q

contextual control

A

monitoring

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33
Q

working memory

A
  • maintenance
  • manipulation
34
Q

lateral pfc

A

establishing and modifying rules

  • initiation
  • inhibiting
  • shifting
  • relating

working memory
- maintenance
-manipulation

35
Q

medial pfc

A

contextual control

  • monitoring
36
Q

dus kort… lateral pfc

A

working memory and rules

37
Q

dus kort… medial pfc

A

conflict monitoring and control

38
Q

lateral PFC in detail

A
  • Upper part (dorsolateral, DLPFC): Initiating, inhibiting, and changing rules for behavior (and traditionally, working memory)
  • Lower part (ventrolateral, inferior frontal gyrus) parts: Motor inhibition
  • Most anterior portion frontopolar cortex: Higher-order rules
39
Q

medial PFC in detail

A
  • Posterior/dorsal part (including the anterior cingulate cortex, ACC): Conflict monitoring, control
  • Anterior/ventral part: Emotion/social cognition (orbitofrontal: Motivation, emotion, reward)
40
Q

waar ligt lateral en medial PFC

A

medial in het midden, lateral er naast

41
Q

damage to PFC kenmerken

A

patients first appear normal, but have complex, idiosyncratic impairments in forming, updating, and implementing rules
for appropriate or effective behavior

42
Q

3 voorbeelden damage to PFC

A
  1. Environmental dependency syndrome
  2. Disinhibition syndrome
  3. Dysexecutive syndrome
43
Q

environmental dependency syndrome waar damage

A

anterior and medial PFC damage

44
Q

environmental dependency syndrome

A
  • Actions guided not on the patient’s own goals but on what is available in the immediate surrounding environment
  • Imitation behavior: For example, imitating the physician (hand gestures, body postures, drawing, combing hair, chewing on a pencil, speaking, singing, etc.)
  • Utilization behavior: Abnormal reliance on environmental stimuli to trigger behavior (e.g., repeatedly drinking from a glass without being thirsty)
45
Q

disinhibition syndrome waar damage

A

ventral/medial PFC

46
Q

disinhibtion syndrome kenmerken

A
  • Purposeless movements, euphoria/mania, abnormal sense of humor.
  • Inappropriate social behavior (fail to process social cues, laugh inappropriately, reveal embarrassing personal information, etc.).
  • Pass laboratory tests of response inhibition and workingmemory.
  • Phineas Gage? Currently debated.
47
Q

dysexecutive syndrome waar damage

A

lateral PFC

48
Q

dysexecutive syndrome kenmerken

A
  • Apathy, fail to plan, do not set long-term goals, leave tasks uncompleted, limited span of attention.
  • Lack of insight, deny the existence of any problem, confabulation.
  • Fail in laboratory tests of response inhibition and working memory. misschien phineas gage deze?
49
Q

PFC size comparison

A

humans = primates (only absolute size is larger in humans, but not proportional)
but primates > andere dieren

50
Q

lateral PFC has specific neurons for.. (+ mention experiment to test this)

A

each rule!

initiating rules:
A. monkey had to press cue that matches (gets juice)
B. monkey had to press cue that does not match (otherwise: high tone)

some neurons only fire during the matching rule, others only fire during the nonmatching rule.

therefore: stimulus independent information about rules in the neurons!

51
Q

oddball task

A

an oddball target requires another response than the rest of the stimuli.
-> inhibition of the standard response
this triggers P300 in the dorsolateral PFC.

52
Q

go/no go task

A

opposite of oddball task

response to go needs to be inhibited for no go stimuli

activity in lateral PFC

53
Q

stop-signal task

A

respond to stimuli but inhibit response if a stop signal is presented

activity in inferior frontal gyrus

54
Q

wisconsin card sorting test

A
  • cards need to be sorted along one of three categories: color, shape, number
  • trial and error learning of the rules, based on feedback
  • rule changes after unknown amount of trials
  • patients with PFC damage: perseveration (persistence of behaviour)
    = difficulty shifting rules
55
Q

frontopolar cortex does….

A

higher order integration of rules, when abstract information needs to be related and combined

56
Q

higher order integration of rules

A

combine simple rules to form a complex rule (frontopolar cortex)

57
Q

hoe meet je higher order integration of rules

A

stimuli varying in shape and texture: participants need to decide whether the top and bottom pair differ in the same dimension
= relational control

58
Q

the more abstract and complex the rule…

A

the more anterior!!!

59
Q

what happens in the stroop task

A

conflict of information

Irrelevant words automatically evoke rules for responding that can interfere with producing the correct ink name

60
Q

where does conflict in the stroop task evoke activation

A

ACC

61
Q

activation and reaction time in stroop test is greater when…

A

previous trial is congruent (dus wel blauw woord met blauw), want dit geeft meer conflict (bij de vorige was het wel de goede rule)

62
Q

what does the ACC do

A

activates dlPFC –> for updating the rules

63
Q

waar is de posterior anterior hierarchie

A

PFC en ACC

64
Q

ACC opbouw

A
  • Posterior: Control of conflict between potential responses
  • Middle: Control of conflict between possible options
  • Anterior: Control of conflict between ongoing strategy and goals/context
65
Q

WM capacity is…

A

extremely limited

66
Q

people with higher WM capacity

A
  • IQ higher
  • school performance better
  • creative
  • proactive
67
Q

baddeley working memory model

A

phonological loop -> language
central executive visuospatial sketchpad -> visual semantics
episodic buffer -> episodic memory

68
Q

cowans working memory model

A

parts of the long term memory can be activated via the central executive. WM is the representations that are activated, due to attention (from the central executive)

69
Q

difference baddeley and cowans

A

baddeley: apart systeem voor WM en LTM
cowans: no separation, WM and LTM have the same brain areas

70
Q

delay period activity

A

even when the info is not needed yet, neurons in dlPFC keep on firing for their stimulus, during the delay between cue presentation and response.

71
Q

delay period activity happens…

A

in entire brain!

72
Q

delay activity facts

A

fMRI activity keeps firing during whole delay
more information = more activity
higher activation = better wm performance, less distractions
manipulation of information in wm works better than simple maintenance

73
Q

WM which brain regions

A

dlPFC, but many others

74
Q

Information held in WM reflects processing in
brain areas sensitive to the type of information
(consistent with the Cowan model!) rather than
processing in distinct “WM areas”

A

oke

75
Q

Dorsolateral PFC may have a special role in
selecting, manipulating, and rehearsing that
information

A

oke

76
Q

lateral PFC

A

initiating, inhibiting, shifting and relating of rules

77
Q

medial PFC/ACC

A

monitoring and control, needed for updating of rules bij lateral PFC

78
Q

hierarchical organization in PFC and ACC

A

posterior is more simple, anterior is more complex

79
Q

working memory involves delay period in…

A

dorsolateral PFC, parietal cortex and stimulus specific sensory regions

80
Q

stimulus specific sensory regions also have delays, which is evidence for which model?

A

cowan

81
Q

lateral PFC

A

rules
working memory
system 2 thinking

82
Q

medial PFC

A

mentalizing, perspective taking
cognitive control, monitoring
system 1 thinking

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