Emotions

Question 1

Emotions are..

Answer 1

dispositions towards behaviours aimed at ecologically significant events

Question 2

3 aspects of emotions

Answer 2

behaviour, physiology, feeling

Question 3

functions of emotions

Answer 3

• fight or flight response helpen
• social behaviour: je kan zien wat anderen denken/voelen
• assessment of the consequences of decisions

Question 4

two types of emotions theory

Answer 4

1. basic emotions: each emotion is seen as one, independent emotion. same across cultures, evolutionary old, shared with other species, with specific physiological processes and facial expressions.
2. complex emotions: learned, shaped by environment, evolutionary new, mainly in humans, combinations of the basic emotions. (bv pride).

Question 5

experiment Paralympics facial expressions

Answer 5

emotions are innate.

Joyful or sad smiles expressed after a competition are the same for blind and sighted athletes, says a new study, showing that certain facial expressions are innate and managed differently depending on the social situation.

Question 6

Two dimensions of emotions theory

Answer 6

arousal (physiological/subjective intensity of the emotion) and valence (how pleasant or unpleasant the emotion is)

Question 7

how do emotionally relevant stimuli get processed

Answer 7

1. thalamus
2. amygdala -> assesses the emotional value of the stimulus
3. hypothalamus
4. activation of sympathetic part of the autonomous nervous system
5. adrenal glands: norepinephrine/adrenaline (activates the viscera)
6. hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal acitvation
7. cortical processing (experiencing a feeling)

Question 8

waar reageert de amygdala op

Answer 8

1. emotional stimuli
2. neutral stimuli that predict motivational stimuli after conditioning

Question 9

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

Answer 9

damage to both amygdalae -> decreases in fear, aggression. all congenital and acquired fear responses are lost

Question 10

how do you measure activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 10

skin conduction response increases (hands and feet sweat glands), startle response (stoppen met behaviour, eyeblink reflex)

Question 11

goal of the HPA axis activation

Answer 11

• keep the sympathetic nervous system going
• cortisol production => stress response

Question 12

HPA axis

Answer 12

hypothalamus
releasing factor
anterior pituitary
ACTH
adrenal cortex
cortisol

Question 13

what happens if the stressful stimulus is gone

Answer 13

• deactivated HPA axis
• cortisol levels go down
• parasympathetic part of autonomous nervous system is restored

Question 14

what happens during chronic stress

Answer 14

the HPA axis is constantly activated

Question 15

right-hemisphere hypothesis

Answer 15

right hemisphere neemt meeste processing van emotions op zich.

• damage R helft -> difficulty in perceiving emotions and producing facial expressions
• R helft beter in recognition of vocal and facial affect
• L helft gezicht meer expressief

Question 16

valence hypothesis

Answer 16

• R helft negatieve emotions (voor survival en reaction) => R prefrontal cortex more activity in shy persons
• L helft positieve emotions (voor sociaal en liefde) => depressed individuals minder left prefrontal activity
• children with L dominance: meer met toys spelen en andere kids
• children with R dominance: cry more when separated from parents
• R dominant monkeys produced more cortisol

Question 17

twee theorieen over emotional processing

Answer 17

right-hemisphere hypothesis, valence hypothesis

Question 18

the reaction to an emotional stimuli is regulated by the amygdala, but the feeling is not

Answer 18

oke

Question 19

action-readiness is mediated by…

Answer 19

sympathetic nervous system & HPA axis

Question 20

the feeling aspect of emotions is processed by…

Answer 20

the prefrontal cortex

Question 21

early neurobiological models steps of emotions

Answer 21

evaluation of sensory input
conscious experience of a feeling
behavioural and physiological expression

Question 22

James Lange emotion theory

Answer 22

bodily reaction => conscious experience of a feeling

physicial reaction is needed for feeling an emotion

Question 23

kritiek James Lange

Answer 23

• if emotions are due to bodily reactions, each emotion should be caused by a different bodily reaction
• injectie met adrenal hormones zorgt niet echt voor boosheid, maar alleen voor de bodily response zonder het gevoel
• soms misinterpreteren mensen het gevoel dat ze hebben (vrouw op brug)

Question 24

Cannon-Bard diencephalon theory

Answer 24

animals without a diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus) show no emotional behaviour
(stimulation of hypothalamus in cats: juist heel veel emotions, sham rage)

Question 25

component process theories

Answer 25

emotions are fluid! appraisal is important -> what does the feeling mean to me? the meaning is processed consciously and unconsciously. but hard to study scientifically

Question 26

fear classical conditioning

Answer 26

rats hear tone (CS) and get startle response (CR). produce the CR to the CS (cued fear) and the cage (contextual fear) al activity in de amygdala 15 ms na presentation of CS LTP tussen thalamus en amygdala

Question 27

2 routes for conditioned fear learning

Answer 27

fast: thalamus - amygdala slow: neocortex - amygdala

Question 28

amygdalae have a lot of connections

Answer 28

oke

Question 29

damage to amygdala in humans

Answer 29

reduced SCR and starte reflex, even when they know about the CS-US relationship

Question 30

wat gebeurt er in PTSS

Answer 30

fear extinction werkt niet goed, even when stimulus is no longer threathening there is a fear response

Question 31

door welke brain area komt fear extinction

Answer 31

ventral medial prefrontal cortex vmPFC

Question 32

wat doet de vmPFC

Answer 32

- suppressed de amygdala -> daardoor fear extinction - evaluates emotions in decision making: maakt een soort mentale simulatie van wat er in elk geval zou kunnen gebeuren, en dan een beslissing maken op basis daarvan. zorg ook voor de fysieke reactie er bij.

Question 33

rats with damage to vmPFC

Answer 33

fear extinction takes a lot longer, even though they can still learn

Question 34

hoe maakt vmpfc de fysieke reactie

Answer 34

door de amygdala weer te activeren - direct: door visceral reactions in the body - indirect: door activation of the insula and somatosensory cortex

Question 35

insula functions

Answer 35

- monitor physiological state of the body = interoception - store the visceral and skeletomotor representations of emotional states

Question 36

activity in the anterior insula shows...

Answer 36

awareness of body responses, integration with executive systems

Question 37

posterior insula is related to

Answer 37

information about the body

Question 38

mid insula

Answer 38

integration with other information (e.g. visual) and connection to amygdala/hypothalamus

Question 39

the vmPFC can start simulations...

Answer 39

of bodily responses via the insula

Question 40

iowa gambling task

Answer 40

4 decks: A and B are large wins but also large losses (more losses -> niet goed). C and D are small wins en small losses (more wins -> goed). during the first trials: you feel emotional consequences of losses and wins during later trials: vmPFC simulates the emotional results. -> gives a sense of good and bad options.

Question 41

iowa gambling task which participants do not perform well?

Answer 41

patients with vmPFC damage -> do not make good decisions. they also do not have a skin conduction response during the task -> no activation of sympathetic nervous system

Question 42

fearful white eyes that were masked (no active perception of them)

Answer 42

still activated the amygdalae.

Question 43

faces and houses experiment

Answer 43

participants were shown faces and houses either one presented to another eye -> binocular rivalry therefore, you consciously only see one picture. even the people that saw houses, had increased amygdala response for fearful faces

Question 44

normal attentional blink vs emotional word

Answer 44

normal words: when represented as rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) -> a response to a word at T1 prevents T2 from being perceived. emotional words: fearful words are perceived more then neutral words -> attentional blink decreases. (this effect dissapears for people with amygdala damage)

Question 45

how does the amygdala affect perception

Answer 45

amygdala projects to the entire visual system, V1. 1. stop what you are doing and attent to danger: amygdala activates sympathetic nervous system (even patients with left visual neglect can detect danger here) 2. amygdala stimulates basal forebrain to spread acetylcholine -> more attention 3. activates ACC and basal ganglia -> frontoparietal attentional system

Question 46

2 ways of emotion regulation

Answer 46

1. situation selection (dont fly if you are scared) 2. cognitive reappraisal (give a different meaning to an emotional event)