Memory Flashcards
learning
change in behaviour as a result of interacting with the environment
memory
acquisition and retention of information from new experiences in nervous systems that can be used to guide behaviour.
long-term potentiation
long-lasting increase in communication between neurons
long-term depression
long-lasting decrease in communication between neurons
three steps in learning and memory
encoding/acquisition -> consolidation/storage -> retrieval/remembering
long term memory 2 systems
declarative + non-declarative
declarative
episodic, semantic
non-declarative
priming, skill learning, conditioning
iconic memory
millimeters-1 second, high capacity, few seconds
short term memory
working memory, seconds-minutes, limited capacity, requires attention
long-term memory
long lasting, long term, high capacity
iconic memory figure
figuur bekijken in schrift / nog maken!! dia 9 echt belangrijk
iconic memory vs short term memory experiment
whole report vs partial report -> bij whole report kan je 4 dingen benoemen.
partial report -> report only cued row -> bij partial report kan je meer dingen benoemen, omdat het iconic en short term memory aparte systemen zijn.
working memory
visuospatial sketch pad
central executive
phonological loop
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central executive
attentional guidance
visuospatial sketch pad
rehearsing visual/spatial information
phonological loop
rehearsing auditory/speech information
different brain regions for … and … working memory
verbal and spatial working memory
change detection paradigm to measure…
visual working memory
wat is de change detection paradigm
kleuren patroon, array disappears, daarna aangeven of er een verandering was of niet
capacity for change detection paradigm
4 colour patterns, daarna rapid decline
long term memory structures
hippocampus and medial temporal lobe
damaged hippocampus and mediotemporal lobe leads to…
anterograde amnesia (vóór het ongeluk is alles great, geen nieuwe herinneringen meer vormen, problems with encoding)
damaged brain areas other than the hippocampus leads to…
retrograde amnesia (na het ongeluk is alles great, kan zich niks meer van vroeger herinneren, problems with retrieval).
waar had H.M damage en wat voor ziektebeeld
damage to hippocampus -> anterograde amnesia
hoe wisten ze het verschil tussen working memory en long term memory
door double dissociation!
KF: damage to left TPJ, impaired verbal working memory but normal declarative long term
HM: damage to hippocampus, impaired declarative long term but normal verbal working memory and normal implicit/non declarative working memory
MS: damage to right occipital lobe, impaired implicit/non declarative memory, but normal decarative memory
priming definition
changed (usually faster) processing of a stimulus due to a previous (even single) encounter with the same or a related stimulus
declarative heet ook wel….
explicit
non-declarative
implicit
priming welke soort memory?
in the absence of explicit memory
3 forms of priming
conceptual priming
perceptual priming
semantic priming
4 kenmerken working memory
- seconds
- limited capacity
- focuses attention
- manipulates information
perceptual priming
gaat om dingen met dezelfde vorm; bijvoorbeeld de hond bij de boom zwarte stippen. als je het een keer gezien hebt, kom je sneller op het plaatje. of bijv. bij woorden: E_V_L_P_ -> envelope
perceptual priming becomes weaker when the…
priming is less similar to the stimulus
perceptual priming is unaffected by tasks…
that promote semantic processing
repetition suppression
may be involved in perceptual priming: minder neuronal activation nodig omdat het makkelijker is om de stimulus te processen. dan worden wss alleen de neuronen met de meest cruciale informatie over de stimulus actief (= sharpening theory)
waar in het brein gebeurt perceptual priming wss
sensory cortex
hoe heet het fenomeen waarbij minder neuronale activatie is door priming
repetition suppression; leads to sharpened neurons
conceptual priming
when the cue is conceptually/semantically related to the prime. (Envelope = Stationary)
how to measure conceptual priming
category association test: generate words in response to a cue
conceptual priming is … dependent (en leg uit)
task dependent: task 1 is: is the word abstract or concrete? task 2: is the word written in capital letters?
alleen task 1 repeaten: repetition suppression
als task 2 en dan task 1: geen repetition suppression
semantical priming
when the target word is semantically related to the prime. when a word is presented, all words that are connected to that word in the brain will be activated.
difference conceptual and semantic priming
bij conceptual priming is de prime hetzelfde als de target, maar zit er nog een cue tussen die er op lijkt (envelope - stationary - envelope)
bij semantic priming is de prime anders dan de target (doctor - nurse)
in welk gebied van de hersenen komt semantical priming
left anterior temporal lobe
difference priming and skill learning
priming can happen after only one stimulus representation, skill learning requires practice and effort
waar in het brein komt skill learning door
basal ganglia
two tasks to study motor skill learning
serial reaction time task (SRT)
motor adaptation task
serial reaction time task
SRT.
knop indrukken bij stimulus. either structured or random. bij structured worden ze nog beter, ook al weten ze niet dat het structured is.
welke brain areas bij serial reaction time task
- eerst: motor skill learning (basal ganglia, premotor, SMA, cerebellum, parietal cortex)
- later: reduced activity in these areas, because less error correction is needed. .
motor adaptation task
move towards a target, but a force is pushing you the other way. some practice = redelijk goed gelijk.
TMS to which part of the brain leads to worse performance in motor adaptation task?
parietal cortex: leads to adjustment of motor function and leads to the relationship between sensory <-> movement
perceptual skill learning
dingen die je oppikt met je zintuigen: language, reading, mirror reading and drawing etc.
on which brain area does perceptual skill learning depend
basal ganglia and sensory cortex.
which types of memory are independent of hippocampus and medial temporal lobe?
- perceptual priming
- perceptual skill learning
- motor skill learning
- cognitive skill learning
wat liet het greebles onderzoek zien
dat mensen geen activiteit in de fusiform face area hebben voor greebles. behalve de experts (ook FFA activity in car lovers and bird kenners etc)
FFA is involved in …
visual expertise, instead of alleen faces (but faces remain with the highest activity)
cognitive skill learning meten met..
weather forecasting task. participants need to forecast the weather, receiving cards that sometimes predict the weather right (task is probabilistic). they also receive feedback.
on which brain area does the weather forecasting task depend
basal ganglia (striatum)
which participants do not perform well in the weather forecasting task
Parkinson patients
which type of skill learning does the weather prediction task depend on
cognitive skill learning
paired association task
intentional learning of associations (twee circels en een rondje = zon met regen)
on which type of memory and which brain area does the paired association task depend
declarative memory, medial temporal lobe.
classical conditioning
- Conditioned stimulus (CS) is initially
neutral (NS, e.g. tone, flash of light) - Unconditioned stimulus (US) evokes
a reflex (food → drool, shock →
withdrawal) - As the CS is presented repeatedly
before the US, an association is
formed - Now the reflex (CR) also occurs to the
CS
classical conditioning which brain area
cerebellum (motor) and amygdala (affective)
eye blink conditioning
CS: tone
US: puff of air
delay conditioning: CS eerst, dan tijdens laatste deel vd tone een pufje (US)
trace conditioning: eerst CS, dan moet er een memory trace komen van CS, en dan pas US.
what brain area is important in delay conditioning
cerebellum
what is imporant in trace conditioning
hippocampus. (dus lastig voor mensen met MTL amnesia) = daarom ook declarative memory!
dus verschil trace en delay conditioning
trace is declarative, je hebt de hippocampus nodig (want de stimulus komt later, dus je moet hem onthouden!).
delay is alleen cerebellum, en nondeclarative.
operant conditioning basics
reward behaviour that is favorable, punish behaviour that is not favorable.
habituation and sensitization in sea slugs
Sea slugs have only a few thousand
neurons that are very large and easy to
differentiate
* Sea slugs retract their gills when their
siphon (a kind of water jet) is touched
* When this is done repeatedly,
habituation (= reduced response) occurs
* When the siphon is touched and an
aversive stimulus (shock at the tail) is
delivered simultaneously, sensitization
(= stronger response) occurs
habituation
decreased neurotransmitter release with each stimulus presentation, last only a couple of minutes -> short term memory
sensitization
increased neurotransmitter release, last only a couple of minutes -> short term memory
sensitization after a couple of pairings
gene expression, can last for weeks -> long term memory
long-term potentiation
de pathways die het meeste gebruikt worden krijgen de sterkste pathway: highly sensitive
LTP kenmerken
- zelfs na een burst
- kan weken duren
- heel specifiek
- associatief leren -> twee dingen worden aan elkaar gelinkt
long-term depression
zelfde als LTP, maar dan met lage frequencies en leidt tot weakening of synapses
LTP en memory performance
- Rats in a stimulus-rich “enriched” (toys
etc.) or new (e.g. “Morris water maze”)
environment → lots of LTP occurs - In knock-out mice, where gene
modification prevents LTP, no (spatial)
learning happens anymore (in e.g. the
“Morris water maze”) - Evidence for LTP involved in auditory
fear conditioning (thalamus → amygdala)
structural changes due to LTP
- larger spine neck
- more presynaptic vesicles
- more postsynaptic receptors
- more ribosomes
- more synaptic zones
- a single spine can divide in two
- new dendritic spines after one hour after the LTP
which priming is task dependent
conceptual
drie vormen van skill learning (non-declarative memory)
- motor skill learning
- perceptual skill learning
- cognitive skill learning
3 vormen van skill learning + testen hiervoor
- motor: serial reaction time task + motor adaption task
- perceptual: reading, language, greebles…
- cognitive: weather prediction task
all skill learning depends on….
BASAL GANGLA
