Motor Learning Flashcards
3 Stages of Motor Learning
Cognitive stage
Associative stage
Autonomous stage
Cognitive Stage
highest concentration of conscious processing, involves problem solving, controlled environment ideal
large amount of errors
inconsistent attempts
repetition allows for improvement of strategies
high degree of cognitive work: listening, observing, processing feedback
Associative Stage
more independent in identifying errors in performance, links feedback w/ movements & ultimate goal, can practice in less structured environment, **avoid excessive external feedback
decreased errors
decreased need for concentration/cognition regarding task
skill refinement
increased coordination
more practice = more refined movement
Autonomous Stage
improves efficiency of task w/o great deal of cognitive control, task can be performed in a variety of environments
automatic response
mainly error-free regardless of environment
patterns of movement are non-cognitive/automatic
distraction does not impact task
person can perform simultaneous tasks
extrinsic feedback should be limited/not provided
internal feedback dominates
4 types of Feedback
Intrinsic (inherent)
Extrinsic (augmented)
Knowledge of Results
Knowledge of Performance
Intrinsic Feedback
all feedback that comes from sensory systems as result of movement (visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, somatosensory)
Extrinsic Feedback
information provided while task is in progress/subsequent to task, usually as verbal/manual cues
Knowledge of Results
form of extrinsic feedback, includes outcome of task in relation to the goal
Knowledge of Performance
extrinsic feedback related to actual movement pattern used to achieve the goal
Types of Practice
Massed Distributed Constant Variable Random Blocked Whole training Part training
Massed Practice
practice time in trial > rest between trials
Distributed Practice
practice time in trial ≤ rest between trials
Constant Practice
practice occurs under uniform conditions
Variable Practice
practice occurs in varying conditions
Random Practice
varying practice among different tasks
Blocked Practice
consistent practice of a single task
Whole Training
practice of an entire task
Part Training
practice of individual/ selected component of a task
Closed System model
characterized by transfer of info incorporating multiple feedback loops- nervous system = “Active participant,” can initiate movement, not just reacting to stimuli
Compensation
using alternate motor/sensory strategies due to impairment, limits normal completion of task
Habituation
decrease in response that occurs as result of consistent exposure to non-painful stimuli
Types of Learning
Non-associative
Associative
Procedural
Declarative
Non-Associative Learning
single repeated stimulus (habituation, sensitization)
Associative Learning
gaining understanding of relationship between two stimuli/ causal relationships/ stimulus & consequence (classical conditioning, operant conditioning
Procedural Learning
learning tasks that can be performed without attention/concentration- task is learned be forming movement habits (developing a habit through repetitive practice)
Declarative Learning
requires attention/awareness/reflection in order to attain knowledge that can be consciously recalled (mental practice)
Open System Model
single transfer of info w/o any feedback loop (reflexive hierarchical theory)- nervous system awaits stimulus in order to react
Performance
temporary change in motor behavior during practice as result of many variables (only one variable focuses on act of learning)- not an absolute measure of learning
Plasticity
ability to modify at synapse level (temporarily/permanently) in order to perform a task
Strategy
plan used to produce specific result to influence the system
