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Neuro 2 > Motor control and movement disorders > Flashcards

Motor control and movement disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of major descending tracts?

A

-Pyramidal tracts
-Extrapyramidal tracts

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2
Q

Where do pyramidal tracts travel?

A

-Pass through the pyramids of the medulla
-Motor cortex to spinal cord/cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem

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3
Q

Where do extrapyramidal tracts travel?

A

-Do not pass through the pyramids of the medulla
-Brainstem nucleu to spinal cord

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4
Q

What are examples of pyramidal tracts?

A

-Corticospinal tract
-Corticobulbar tract

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5
Q

What are examples of extrapyramidal tracts?

A

-Vestibulospinal tract
-Tectospinal tract
-Reticulospinal tract
-Rubrospinal tract

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6
Q

What do pyramidal tracts control?

A

Voluntary movements of body and face

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7
Q

What do extrapyramidal tracts control?

A

Involuntary movements for balance, posture and locomotion

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8
Q

What neurones control voluntary movement?

A

-Upper motor neurone= cortex
-Lower motor neurone= spinal cord

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9
Q

How are anterior corticospinal tracts formed?

A
  1. UMN
  2. Travel down through the cerebral peduncle in the midbrain
  3. Travels down through the pyramids in the medulla
  4. Do not cross and travel down the spinal cord and synapse with LMN
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10
Q

How are lateral corticospinal tracts formed?

A
  1. UMN
  2. Travel down through the cerebral peduncle in the midbrain
  3. Travels down through the pyramids of the medulla where it decussates
  4. Travels down the spinal cord and synapse with LMN
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11
Q

Does majority of the corticospinal tract become lateral or anterior?

A

Lateral corticospinal tracts

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12
Q

What are lateral corticospinal tracts mainly concerned with?

A

Limb muscles

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13
Q

What are anterior corticospinal tracts mainly concerned with?

A

Trunk muscles

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14
Q

What is the homunculus?

A

Shows how much of the brain is devoted to a specific part of the body

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15
Q

What is somatotropy?

A

Spatially what part of the brain corresponds to what part of the body

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16
Q

What is the function of corticobulbar tracts?

A

Involved in controlling the cranial nerves

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17
Q

What are the function of the corticobulbar tracts?

A

Principle motor pathway for voluntary movements of the face and neck

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18
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

-Coordinate head movements with eye movements
-Mediate postural adjustment
-Stabilise head during movement of body or head

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19
Q

What are the functions of the reticulospinal tracts?

A

-Changes in muscle tone associated with voluntary movement
-Postural stability

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20
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

A

Orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

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21
Q

What is the function of the rubrospoinal tract?

A

Takes over the corticospinal tract if it gets damaged or stops working
Innervate LMN of flexors of upper limbs

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22
Q

What are the negative signs of UMN lesions?

A

-Loss of voluntary motor function
-Paresis= graded weakness of movement
-Paralysis (plegia)= complete loss of voluntary muscle activity

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23
Q

What are the positive signs of UMN lesions?

A

-Increased abnormal motor function due to loss of inhibitory descending inputs
-Spasticity= increased muscle tone
-Hyper reflexia= exaggerated reflexes
-Clonus= abnormal oscillatory muscle contraction
-Babinski’s sign

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24
Q

What is apraxia?

A

A disorder of skilled movement= inability to perform skilled movement

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25
Q

What can cause apraxia?

A

An infarct in the supplementary motor area

26
Q

What are signs of a LMN lesion?

A

-Weakness
-Hypotonia
-Hyporeflexia
-Muscle atrophy
-Fasciculations
-Fibrillations

27
Q

What are fasciculations?

A

Visible twitch of muscle due to damaged motor units producing spontaneous action potentials

28
Q

What are fibrillations?

A

Spontaneous twitching of individual muscle fibres that can only be observed by using needle electromyography examination

29
Q

What is motor neuron disease (MND)?

A

Loss of UMNs and LMNs, progressive neurodegenerative disease

30
Q

What are upper motor neuron signs in MND?

A

-Spasticity
-Brisk limbs and jaw reflexes
-Babinski’s sign
-Loss of dexterity
-Dysarthria= difficulty speaking
-Dysphagia= difficulty swallowing

31
Q

What are lower motor neuron signs?

A

-Weakness
-Muscle wasting
-Tongue fasciculations and wasting
-Nasal speech
-Dysphagia

32
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Group of structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain and are involved in coordination and control of movement

33
Q

What structures are in the basal ganglia?

A

-Caudate nucleus
-Lentiform nucleus
-Substantia nigra (midbrain)

34
Q

What is the function of the caudate nucleus?

A

Control of decision to move

35
Q

What does the lentiform nucleus consist of?

A

-Putamen nucleus
-Extrenal globus pallidus

36
Q

What is the function of the lentiform nucleus?

A

Elaborating associated movements (eg= swinging arms when moving)

37
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

Moderating and coordinating movement (suppressing unwanted movements)

38
Q

What is the striatum?

A

Combination of caudate and putamen

39
Q

What are 3 diseases associated with problems with the basal ganglia?

A

-Parkinson’s disease
-Huntington’s disease
-Ballism

40
Q

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

A

-Degeneration of the dopamergic neurons test originate from substantia nigra and project to the striatum

41
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

-Bradykinesia= slowness of movements
-Hypomimic face= expressionless
-Akinesia= difficulty in initiating movements because cannot initiate movement internally
-Rigidity= increased muscle tone, resistance to externally imposed joint movement
-Tremor at rest= starts in one arm and slowly spreads across body

42
Q

What causes Huntington’s disease?

A

Degeneration of GABAergic neurons in striatum, caudate and putamen

43
Q

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s disease?

A

-Choreic movements= rapid, jerky involuntary movements of the body, hands and face then legs and rest of body
-Speech impairment
-Difficulty swallowing
-Unsteady gait
-Later stage= cognitive decline and dementia

44
Q

What causes ballism?

A

Stroke affecting the sub thalamic nucleus

45
Q

What is the symptom of ballism?

A

Sudden uncontrolled flinging of extremities contralaterally

46
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

-Coordinator and predictor of movement

47
Q

What are the main 3 parts of the cerebellum?

A

-Vestibulocerebellum
-Spinocerebellum
-Cerebrocerbellum

48
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocerebllum?

A

-Regulation of gait and posture
-Coordination of head movements with eye movements

49
Q

What are symptoms of damage to the vestibulocerebellum?

A

-Gait ataxia
-Tendency to fall

50
Q

What are the functions of the spinocerebellum?

A

-Coordination of speech
-Adjustment of muscle tone
-Coordination of limb movements

51
Q

What does damage to the spinocerebellum cause?

A

-Abnormal gait and stance (wide based)

52
Q

What is the main cause of spinocerebellum damage?

A

Chronic alcoholism causing degeneration and atrophy

53
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

-Coordination of skilled movements
-Cognitive function, attention, processing of language
-Emotional control

54
Q

What does damage to the cerebrocerebellum cause?

A

-Tremor
-Skilled coordinated movements lost
-Speech difficulties

55
Q

What are the main signs of cerebellar dysfunction?

A

-Ataxia
-Dysmetria
-Intention tremor
-Dysdiladochokinesia
-Slurred, scanning speech
(all only apparent on movement)

56
Q

What is the relation between the side of cerebellar lesion and the side of symptoms?

A

Ipsilateral

57
Q

What is ataxia?

A

General impairments in movement coordination and accuracy

58
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

Inappropriate force and distance for target directed movement

59
Q

What is intention tremor?

A

Tremor of a limb in a target directed movement

60
Q

What is dysdiladochokinesia?

A

Inability to perform rapidly alternating movements

61
Q

What is scanning speech?

A

Staccato= each word separated from each other
Impaired coordination of speech muscles

Neuro 2 (10 decks)

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