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Neuro 2 > Cortical organisation and function > Flashcards

Cortical organisation and function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the frontal lobe involved in?

A

-Regulating and initiating of motor function
-Memory
-Language
-Cognitive functions= executive functions (planning)
-Attention

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2
Q

What is parietal lobe involved in?

A

-Sensation= touch and pain
-Sensory aspects of language
-Spatial orientation and self-perception

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3
Q

What is the occipital lobe involved in?

A

Processing visual information

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4
Q

What is the temporal lobe involved in?

A

-Processing auditory information
-Emotions
-Memories

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5
Q

What does the limbic lobe consist of?

A

-Amygdala
-Hippocampus
-Mammillary body
-Cingulate gyrus

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6
Q

What are the functions of the limbic lobe?

A

-Learning
-Memory
-Emotion
-Motivation and reward

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7
Q

Where does the insular cortex lie?

A

Deep in the lateral fissure

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8
Q

Where does the lateral fissure lie?

A

Between the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe

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9
Q

What is the insular cortex involved in?

A

-Visceral sensations
-Autonomic control
-Interoception= feeling changes in the inside of the body/organs
-Auditory processing
-Visual vestibular integration

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10
Q

What does grey matter of the brain consist of?

A

-Neuronal cell bodies
-Glial cells

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11
Q

What is the white matter of the brain?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts

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12
Q

What is the function of the white matter of the brain?

A

Tracts that take information down to the brainstem and spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter tracts?

A

-Association fibres
-Commissural fibres
-Projection fibres

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14
Q

What is the function of association fibres?

A

-Connect areas within the same hemisphere

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15
Q

What is the function of commissural fibres?

A

Connect homologous structures in left and right hemisphere

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16
Q

What is the function of projection fibres?

A

Connect cortex with lower brain structures (thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord)

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of association fibres?

A

-Short fibres
-Long fibres

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18
Q

What are examples of short association fibres?

A

-Inferior longitudinal fasciclus
-Uncinate fasciculus

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19
Q

What does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

Frontal and occipital lobes

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20
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus connect?

A

Frontal and temporal lobes

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21
Q

What are examples of long association fibres?

A

-Superior longitudinal fasciculus
-Arcuate fasciculus

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22
Q

What does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

Temporal and occipital lobes

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23
Q

What does the uncinate fasciculus connect?

A

Frontal and temporal lobes

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24
Q

What are examples of commissural fibre tracts?

A

-Corpus callous
-Anterior commissure

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25
Q

What does anterior commissure fibres connect?

A

Left and right temporal lobes

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of projection fibres?

A

-Afferent= towards cortex
-Efferent= away from cortex

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27
Q

What is an example of a projection fibre?

A

Corona radiata

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28
Q

What is the anatomy of the corona radiata?

A

Projection fibres that converge through internal capsule between thalamus and basal ganglia

29
Q

What is the difference between primary cortices and secondary/association cortices?

A

-Predictable vs less predictable function
-Organised topographically vs not organised topographically
-Symmetry vs weak/absent symmetry

30
Q

What are the functions primary motor cortex?

A

-Controls fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements
-Provides descending signals to execute movements

31
Q

What is the function of the supplementary area of the frontal lobe?

A

-Involved in planning complex internally cued movements
eg= reaching out for something

32
Q

What is the function of the premotor area of the frontal lobe?

A

Involved in planning externally cued movements
eg= responding something you see has happened

33
Q

What are the functions of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

-Process somatic sensation arising from the receptors in the body
-eg; fine touch, vibration, 2 point discrimination, proprioception, pain and temperature

34
Q

What are the functions of the accessory somatosensory cortex?

A

-Interpret significance of sensory information (recognising an object placed on hand)
-Awareness of self and awareness of personal space

35
Q

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

Process visual stimuli

36
Q

What is the function of the visual association area?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of visual input

37
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Processes auditory information

38
Q

What is the function of the auditory association area?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

39
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

-Attention
-Adjusting social behaviour
-Planning
-Personality expression
-Decision making

40
Q

What is the function of the Broca’s region?

A

Production of language

41
Q

What is the function of the Wernicke’s area?

A

Understanding of language

42
Q

What does damage to the Broca’s region cause?

A

Expressive aphasia

43
Q

What does damage to the Wernicke’s area cause?

A

Receptive aphasia

44
Q

What does damage to the frontal lobe cause?

A

-Changes in personality
-Inappropriate behaviour

45
Q

What does damage to the parietal lobe cause?

A

-Contralateral neglect= lack of awareness of self and extra personal space one side

46
Q

What does damage to the temporal lobe cause?

A

Lateral= lead to agnosia (inability to recognise)
Medial= lead to anterograde amnesia (cannot form new memories and retain information)

47
Q

What does damage to the occipital lobe cause?

A

Blindness in corresponding part of visual field

48
Q

What does damage to the visual association area cause?

A

Defects in interpretation of visual information

49
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Inability to recognise familiar faces/learn new faces

50
Q

What imaging can be used for assessing cortical function?

A

-Positive emission tomography (PET)
-Functional MRI (fMRI)
-Electroencephalography
-Magnetoencephalography

51
Q

What does PET scan look at?

A

Blood flow directly to a brain region

52
Q

What does fMRI scan look at?

A

Amount of blood oxygen in a brain region

53
Q

What does electroencephalography (EEG) measure?

A

Measures electrical signals produced by the brain

54
Q

What does mangetoencephalograophy (MEG)?

A

Measures magnetic signals produced by the brain

55
Q

What is event related potentials?

A

Create a stimuli and measure the action potential produced

56
Q

What is somtaosensory evoked potentials?

A

Series of waves that reflect sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathway

57
Q

What are examples of imaging used to look at the structure of the brain?

A

-Diffusion tesson imaging (DTI)
-DTI with tactography

58
Q

How does DTI work?

A

Structure seen based on diffusion of water molecules

59
Q

What is the purpose of DTI with tactography?

A

3D reconstruction to assess neural tracts

60
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS

61
Q

How does multiple sclerosis present?

A

Episodic neurological dysfunction in at least 2 areas of the CNS (brain, spinal cord and brainstem) at the same time

62
Q

What is the inflammation in multiple sclerosis characterised by?

A

-Perivascular inflammation (around blood vessels)
-Leptomeningeal inflammation (arachnoid and pia mater)

63
Q

What is the main symptom of MS?

A

Visual problems (optic neuritis= infection of the eye)

64
Q

What are sensory symptoms of MS?

A

-Dorsal column lesions
-Numbness
-Vibration
-Loss of sensation

65
Q

What are the motor symptoms of MS?

A

-Muscle spasm
-Rigidness
-Stiffness

66
Q

What is the neurological symptoms of MS?

A

Charcot’s neurological triad

67
Q

What does Charcot’s neurological triad consist of?

A

-Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)
-Nystagmus
-Intention tremor

68
Q

What does MS in the brainstem cause?

A

Diplopia (double vision)

Neuro 2 (10 decks)

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