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Neuro 2 > Dementia > Flashcards

Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main types of dementia?

A

-Alzheimer’s disease
-Vascular dementia
-Frontotemporal dementia
-Dementia with Lewy bodies

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2
Q

What are the 2 main tests done for dementia?

A

-Neurological exam
-Mental state exams

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3
Q

What are investigations for dementia?

A

-Neuropsychology tests
-Blood tests
-MRI
-PET

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4
Q

What is a example of a neuropsychological test?

A

-MMSE +/- ACE III

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5
Q

What are examples of blood tests that can be done?

A

-FBC
-Inflammatory markers
-Thyroid function
-Biochemistry and renal function
-Glucose
-B12 and folate
-Clotting
-Syphilis serology
-HIV
-Caeruloplasmin (calcium carrying protein)

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6
Q

What do you see on sMRI as dementia progresses?

A

-Narrowed gyri
-Widening sulci
-Dilated and enlarged ventricles

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7
Q

What are normal signs of Alzheimer’s dementia in MRIs?

A

-Medial temporal volume loss
-Bitemporal hippocampus volume loss
-Shrunken structures that are replaced by CSF

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8
Q

What are examinations of the patient for Alzheimer’s dementia?

A

-Head turning sign= looking for person to help with answers due to memory
-Vague about recent events
-MMSE
-ACE
-Impairment of episodic memory

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9
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

-Memory for particular episodes in life

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10
Q

What does episodic memory rely on?

A

Dependent on the medial temporal lobes

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11
Q

What are potentially reversible causes of dementia?

A

-Alcohol related brain damage
-Benign tumours
-Infections
-Endocrine

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12
Q

What does a PET scan involve?

A

-Involves cannulating a patient and injecting them with contrast
-Lights up amyloid in the brain
-Shows available dopamine transporters

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13
Q

What are potential management strategies for dementia?

A

-Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
-Watch and wait to see how patient’s current condition changes
-Treat behavioural/psychological symptoms
-OT/social services
-Specialist therapies

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14
Q

What are signs of Alzheimer’s?

A

-Subtle
-Insidious amnesia- gradual forgetfulness
-Non insidious amnesia

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15
Q

What are signs of vascular dementia?

A

-Related to cerebrovascular diseases with step wise deterioration

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16
Q

What are signs of dementia with Lewy bodies?

A

-Cognitive impairment before/within 1 year of parkinsonian symptoms
-Visual hallucinations and fluctuating cognition

17
Q

What are signs of frontotemporal dementia?

A

-Behavioural variant FTD
-Semantic dementia
-Progressive non fluent aphasia

18
Q

What is semantic dementia?

A

Progressive cognitive and language deficit primarily involving comprehension of words

19
Q

Why do we do lumbar puncture?

A

Obtain CSF and see how much amyloid and tau proteins

20
Q

What’s the difference between Alzheimer’s disease and Lewy body dementia on MRI?

A

In Lewy body dementia hippocampal volume and medial temporal lobe volume generally preserved

21
Q

What is the difference between Alzheimer’s and Lewy body dementia on a PET scan?

A

More lit up in Alzheimer’s dementia due to more available dopamine transporters

22
Q

What are associated symptoms and features of Lewy body dementia?

A

-Associated with fluctuating cognition
-Visual hallucinations
-Development of symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease
-Different cognitive profile to Alzheimer’s disease
-REM sleep disorder
-High risk of falls

23
Q

What is deposited in Lewy body dementia?

A

-Aggregation of alpha synuclein leads to deposition of Lewy bodies

24
Q

What is seen on a MRI in frontotemporal dementia?

A

-Extensive volume loss in temporal lobes and frontal opercula
-Generally asymmetrical

25
Q

What are symptoms of frontotemporal dementia?

A

Changes in personality and behaviour

26
Q

What are symptoms of perisylvian fissure loss?

A

-Increase behavioural disturbances
-Agitation
-Reduced speech output

Neuro 2 (10 decks)

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