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neuro 2 > Auditory system > Flashcards

Auditory system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the vestibular organ capture?

A

Low frequency motion (movements)

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2
Q

What does the hearing organ capture?

A

High frequency motion (sound)

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3
Q

What are the functions of the outer ear?

A

-Capture sound and focus in to the tympanic membrane
-Modest amplification of upper range of speech frequencies
-Protect ear from external threats

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4
Q

What is the main function of the middle ear?

A

Mechanical amplification

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5
Q

What muscles can contract to control the ossicles in the middle ear and reduce sound entering?

A

-Stapedius muscle
-Tensor tympani muscle

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6
Q

What is the hearing part of the inner ear?

A

Cochlea

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7
Q

What is the structure of the cochlea?

A

-Scala vestibuli and scala tympani lie above and below the Scala media
-Scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain perilymph
-Scala media contains endolymph and contains hearing organ

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8
Q

What is the composition of perilymph?

A

High in sodium

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9
Q

What type of structures are Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani?

A

Bone structures

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10
Q

What type of structure is Scala media?

A

Membranous structure

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11
Q

What is the composition of endolymph?

A

High in potassium

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12
Q

What structure does the hearing organ lie?

A

Basilar membrane

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13
Q

How does the basilar membrane work?

A

-Contains hair cells
-Arranged tonotopically for different frequencies

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of hair cells in the hearing organ?

A
  1. Inner hair cells
  2. Outer hair cells
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15
Q

What lies on top of the hair cells?

A

Tectorial membrane

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16
Q

What is the function of the tectorial membrane?

A

-Allows hair deflection
-This depolarises the cell

17
Q

What is the function of the inner hair cells?

A

-Carry majority of afferent information of the auditors nerve to the brain
-Transduction of sound as nerve impulses

18
Q

What is the function of the outer hair cells?

A

-Carry majority of efferents of the auditory nerve
-Modulation of the sensitivity of the response

19
Q

What are the hairs of the hair cells called?

A

Stereocilia

20
Q

What does deflection of stereocilia cause?

A
  1. Deflection to the longest cilium will open K+ channels
  2. Depolarises the cell
  3. Releases neurotransmitter
  4. Depolarises afferent nerve
21
Q

What sound causes higher deflection of stereocilia?

A

Higher amplitudes (louder)

22
Q

What is the auditory pathway? (dorsal cochlear nucleus)

A
  1. Cochlea connects to the spiral ganglions
  2. Spiral ganglions travel via the vestibular-cochlear nerve to the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei in brainstem (pons)
  3. Auditory information crosses at superior olive level and travels contralaterally
    CONNECTIONS BILATERAL AFTER THIS POINT
  4. Auditory information goes to the inferior colliculus
  5. Travels to medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
  6. Travels to auditory cortex (superomedial aspect of the temporal lobe)
23
Q

What is the auditory pathway? (ventral cochlear nucleus)

A
  1. Cochlea connects to the spiral ganglions
  2. Spiral ganglions travel via the vestibular-cochlear nerve to the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei in brainstem (pons)
  3. Auditory information does not cross at superior olive level and travels ipsilaterally
    CONNECTIONS BILATERAL AFTER THIS POINT
  4. Auditory information goes to the inferior colliculus
  5. Travels to medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
  6. Travels to auditory cortex (superomedial aspect of the temporal lobe)
24
Q

What is the significance of the inferior colliculus?

A

Helps localise sound and where it is coming from

25
Q

How are types of hearing loss categorised?

A

Anatomically and using timing

26
Q

What are the anatomical types of hearing loss?

A

-Conductive hearing loss: problem is in outer or middle ear
-Sensorineural hearing loss: cochlear or auditory nerve
-Central hearing loss: originates in brain and brainstem

27
Q

How can timing be used to categorise hearing loss?

A

-Sudden hearing loss or progressive hearing loss

28
Q

What are the outer ear causes of conductive hearing loss?

A

-Wax
-Foreign body

29
Q

What are the middle ear causes of conductive hearing loss?

A

-Otitis= inflammation that can produce fluid
-Otosclerosis

30
Q

What are the inner ear causes of sensorineural hearing loss?

A

-Loud sound
-Presbycusis= loss of hearing with old age
-Ototoxicity= drugs

31
Q

What are the nerve causes of sensorineural hearing loss?

A

-Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma)= unilateral

32
Q

What are the clinical bedside assessments for hearing?

A

-Whisper in ipsilateral ear whilst rubbing fingers in contralateral ear
-Tuning fork

33
Q

What are the 2 tuning fork tests?

A

-Weber test= forehead (normally central noise)
-Rinne test (ear vs mastoid)= normally louder through ear

34
Q

What is audiometry?

A

Hearing thresholds are plotted

35
Q

What hearing test is done on newborns?

A

Otoacoustic emissions

36
Q

What are otoacoustic emissions?

A

Sounds produced by outer hair cells as they expand and contact

37
Q

What are treatment options for hearing loss?

A

-Treat underlying cause
-Hearing aids
-Cochlear implants
-Brainstem implants

neuro 2 (10 decks)

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