Motor Control Flashcards
What is the average range of wavelengths that can be seen?
700-400nm.
What are the 3 layers of the eye?
- Sclera
- Chloroid
- Retina
What part of the eye can sense colour?
Cones.
Where is the highest concentration of cones found?
The fovea centralis.
Rods and cones synapse with what?
Bipolar cells.
Bipolar cells synapse with what?
Ganglion cells.
The axons of the ganglion cells form what?
The optic nerve.
Light rays are refracted and bent as they pass through the what?
The cornea, pupil, and lens.
What is the function of sclera?
Maintains the shape of the eye.
What is the iris?
A muscle.
What do the aqueous humor and vitreous humor do?
Refract light rays.
What is the function of the choroid?
Contains blood vessels that nourish the eye.
What is the function of the retina?
Where the image of the optical system is formed.
What is the function of the cornea?
Gathers and focuses light.
What is the function of the pupil?
Hole in the iris that light filters through.
What is the function of the iris?
Controls size of the pupil and the amount of light entering the eye.
What is the function of the lens?
Bends the light entering the eye.
What is the aqueous humor?
Watery fluid in small chamber behind the cornea.
What is the vitreous humor?
Watery fluid in large chamber of the eye.
What is the function of the rods?
Detects intensity of light.
What is the function of the cones?
Detects the colour of light.
What is the fovea centralis?
The densely packed photoreceptors.
What is the function of the optic nerve?
A bundle of axons of the retinal ganglion cells as they exit the eye.
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Primary visual processing centre at the rear portion of the brain.
What is performance?
Observable behaviour
What is learning?
Something that must be inferred by behaviour.
What are 3 ways we can tell if learning has occurred?
- There is a change over time.
- There is more consistent performance
- Change is relatively permanent
What are the 3 stages of learning?
- Cognitive stage
- Associative stage
- Autonomous stage
What is the cognitive stage?
Early stage of learning with lots of gross errors.
What is the associative stage?
When basic fundamentals are learned and one has the ability to detect their own errors.
What is the autonomous stage?
Skills become automatic and there is not very much error.
What are 3 types of practice?
- Real
- Imagery/mental practice
- Observational/ vicarious learning
What is transfer of learning?
Skills that are learned in one activity or sport and can be transferred or used in others.
Is transfer of learning always positive?
No, it can also be negative.
What is positive transfer of learning?
When experiences with a previous skill facilitate the learning of a new skill.
What is negative transfer of learning?
When experience with a previous skill interferes with the learning of a new skill.
What is zero transfer of learning?
When experience with a previous skill has no effect (or very little effect) on the learning of a new skill.
What contributes to the likelihood of a positive transfer of learning?
Components of the skills are similar and there are similarities between the learning processes required for the skill.
When is negative transfer of learning most likely to occur?
When changes in spatial location are required and there are changes in the timing required.
What are 3 instructional methods for promoting transfer?
- Provide contextual interference
- Vary the type of practice
- Reduce the frequency of feedback
How is practicing a skill as a whole beneficial?
It helps learners get a feel for the flow and timing.
How it practicing a skill in parts beneficial?
Emphasizes performing each part correctly before putting it together.
When would you practice a whole skill?
When the skill is low in complexity and high in organization.
When would you practice a skill in parts?
When the skill is high in complexity and low in organization.
What is blocked practice?
The task is practiced on many consecutive trials before the next task.
When is it best to use blocked practice?
Best used for beginners.
What is random practice?
The ordering of tasks is randomized during practice.
When is randomized practice most effective?
When a skill has been developed. It is a slightly slower process and may overload a beginner.
What are closed skills?
Practice conditions should be similar to those that will prevail under the competition conditions.
What are regulatory conditions?
When the environment doesn’t change.
What are non-regulatory conditions?
When the environment does change.
What are open skills?
When each response is somewhat novel and requires movement patterns that can be used in a variety of situations.
What is augmented feedback?
Information about performance that comes from an outside source.
What are knowledge of results?
Information about the outcome of performance.
What is knowledge of performance?
Information about the production of the movement pattern
What is the purpose of augmented feedback (3)?
- Provides information for error identification
- Acts as a form of reinforcement
- Serves to motivate the learner
What are some things to keep in mind when providing augmented feedback (3)?
- Precision of feedback
- Content of feedback
- Forms of feedback
What are 4 forms of feedback?
- Verbal (prescriptive and descriptive)
- Kinematic and kinetic visual displays
- Video
- Augmented sensory feedback
What is faded feedback?
Gives more feedback to those with a lower skill set. Slowly give less feedback as one progresses.
What is bandwidth feedback?
Give feedback only when something is done wrong.
What is summary feedback?
Give feedback summarizing previous trials.
When in the learning process is feedback most needed?
In the cognitive stage of learning.
When in the learning process is faded, bandwidth, and summary feedback used?
In the associative stage of learning.
When in the learning process can feedback be withdrawn?
In the autonomous stage of learning.
