Motor Control

Question 1

What is the average range of wavelengths that can be seen?

Answer 1

700-400nm.

Question 2

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

Answer 2

1. Sclera
2. Chloroid
3. Retina

Question 3

What part of the eye can sense colour?

Answer 3

Cones.

Question 4

Where is the highest concentration of cones found?

Answer 4

The fovea centralis.

Question 5

Rods and cones synapse with what?

Answer 5

Bipolar cells.

Question 6

Bipolar cells synapse with what?

Answer 6

Ganglion cells.

Question 7

The axons of the ganglion cells form what?

Answer 7

The optic nerve.

Question 8

Light rays are refracted and bent as they pass through the what?

Answer 8

The cornea, pupil, and lens.

Question 9

What is the function of sclera?

Answer 9

Maintains the shape of the eye.

Question 10

What is the iris?

Answer 10

A muscle.

Question 11

What do the aqueous humor and vitreous humor do?

Answer 11

Refract light rays.

Question 12

What is the function of the choroid?

Answer 12

Contains blood vessels that nourish the eye.

Question 13

What is the function of the retina?

Answer 13

Where the image of the optical system is formed.

Question 14

What is the function of the cornea?

Answer 14

Gathers and focuses light.

Question 15

What is the function of the pupil?

Answer 15

Hole in the iris that light filters through.

Question 16

What is the function of the iris?

Answer 16

Controls size of the pupil and the amount of light entering the eye.

Question 17

What is the function of the lens?

Answer 17

Bends the light entering the eye.

Question 18

What is the aqueous humor?

Answer 18

Watery fluid in small chamber behind the cornea.

Question 19

What is the vitreous humor?

Answer 19

Watery fluid in large chamber of the eye.

Question 20

What is the function of the rods?

Answer 20

Detects intensity of light.

Question 21

What is the function of the cones?

Answer 21

Detects the colour of light.

Question 22

What is the fovea centralis?

Answer 22

The densely packed photoreceptors.

Question 23

What is the function of the optic nerve?

Answer 23

A bundle of axons of the retinal ganglion cells as they exit the eye.

Question 24

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 24

Primary visual processing centre at the rear portion of the brain.

Question 25

What is performance?

Answer 25

Observable behaviour

Question 26

What is learning?

Answer 26

Something that must be inferred by behaviour.

Question 27

What are 3 ways we can tell if learning has occurred?

Answer 27

1. There is a change over time. 2. There is more consistent performance 3. Change is relatively permanent

Question 28

What are the 3 stages of learning?

Answer 28

1. Cognitive stage 2. Associative stage 3. Autonomous stage

Question 29

What is the cognitive stage?

Answer 29

Early stage of learning with lots of gross errors.

Question 30

What is the associative stage?

Answer 30

When basic fundamentals are learned and one has the ability to detect their own errors.

Question 31

What is the autonomous stage?

Answer 31

Skills become automatic and there is not very much error.

Question 32

What are 3 types of practice?

Answer 32

1. Real 2. Imagery/mental practice 3. Observational/ vicarious learning

Question 33

What is transfer of learning?

Answer 33

Skills that are learned in one activity or sport and can be transferred or used in others.

Question 34

Is transfer of learning always positive?

Answer 34

No, it can also be negative.

Question 35

What is positive transfer of learning?

Answer 35

When experiences with a previous skill facilitate the learning of a new skill.

Question 36

What is negative transfer of learning?

Answer 36

When experience with a previous skill interferes with the learning of a new skill.

Question 37

What is zero transfer of learning?

Answer 37

When experience with a previous skill has no effect (or very little effect) on the learning of a new skill.

Question 38

What contributes to the likelihood of a positive transfer of learning?

Answer 38

Components of the skills are similar and there are similarities between the learning processes required for the skill.

Question 39

When is negative transfer of learning most likely to occur?

Answer 39

When changes in spatial location are required and there are changes in the timing required.

Question 40

What are 3 instructional methods for promoting transfer?

Answer 40

1. Provide contextual interference 2. Vary the type of practice 3. Reduce the frequency of feedback

Question 41

How is practicing a skill as a whole beneficial?

Answer 41

It helps learners get a feel for the flow and timing.

Question 42

How it practicing a skill in parts beneficial?

Answer 42

Emphasizes performing each part correctly before putting it together.

Question 43

When would you practice a whole skill?

Answer 43

When the skill is low in complexity and high in organization.

Question 44

When would you practice a skill in parts?

Answer 44

When the skill is high in complexity and low in organization.

Question 45

What is blocked practice?

Answer 45

The task is practiced on many consecutive trials before the next task.

Question 46

When is it best to use blocked practice?

Answer 46

Best used for beginners.

Question 47

What is random practice?

Answer 47

The ordering of tasks is randomized during practice.

Question 48

When is randomized practice most effective?

Answer 48

When a skill has been developed. It is a slightly slower process and may overload a beginner.

Question 49

What are closed skills?

Answer 49

Practice conditions should be similar to those that will prevail under the competition conditions.

Question 50

What are regulatory conditions?

Answer 50

When the environment doesn't change.

Question 51

What are non-regulatory conditions?

Answer 51

When the environment does change.

Question 52

What are open skills?

Answer 52

When each response is somewhat novel and requires movement patterns that can be used in a variety of situations.

Question 53

What is augmented feedback?

Answer 53

Information about performance that comes from an outside source.

Question 54

What are knowledge of results?

Answer 54

Information about the outcome of performance.

Question 55

What is knowledge of performance?

Answer 55

Information about the production of the movement pattern

Question 56

What is the purpose of augmented feedback (3)?

Answer 56

1. Provides information for error identification 2. Acts as a form of reinforcement 3. Serves to motivate the learner

Question 57

What are some things to keep in mind when providing augmented feedback (3)?

Answer 57

1. Precision of feedback 2. Content of feedback 3. Forms of feedback

Question 58

What are 4 forms of feedback?

Answer 58

1. Verbal (prescriptive and descriptive) 2. Kinematic and kinetic visual displays 3. Video 4. Augmented sensory feedback

Question 59

What is faded feedback?

Answer 59

Gives more feedback to those with a lower skill set. Slowly give less feedback as one progresses.

Question 60

What is bandwidth feedback?

Answer 60

Give feedback only when something is done wrong.

Question 61

What is summary feedback?

Answer 61

Give feedback summarizing previous trials.

Question 62

When in the learning process is feedback most needed?

Answer 62

In the cognitive stage of learning.

Question 63

When in the learning process is faded, bandwidth, and summary feedback used?

Answer 63

In the associative stage of learning.

Question 64

When in the learning process can feedback be withdrawn?

Answer 64

In the autonomous stage of learning.