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Kinesiology 122 > Motor Control > Flashcards

Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average range of wavelengths that can be seen?

A

700-400nm.

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A
  1. Sclera
  2. Chloroid
  3. Retina
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3
Q

What part of the eye can sense colour?

A

Cones.

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4
Q

Where is the highest concentration of cones found?

A

The fovea centralis.

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5
Q

Rods and cones synapse with what?

A

Bipolar cells.

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6
Q

Bipolar cells synapse with what?

A

Ganglion cells.

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7
Q

The axons of the ganglion cells form what?

A

The optic nerve.

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8
Q

Light rays are refracted and bent as they pass through the what?

A

The cornea, pupil, and lens.

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9
Q

What is the function of sclera?

A

Maintains the shape of the eye.

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10
Q

What is the iris?

A

A muscle.

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11
Q

What do the aqueous humor and vitreous humor do?

A

Refract light rays.

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12
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Contains blood vessels that nourish the eye.

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13
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Where the image of the optical system is formed.

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14
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

Gathers and focuses light.

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15
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

Hole in the iris that light filters through.

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16
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Controls size of the pupil and the amount of light entering the eye.

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17
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

Bends the light entering the eye.

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18
Q

What is the aqueous humor?

A

Watery fluid in small chamber behind the cornea.

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19
Q

What is the vitreous humor?

A

Watery fluid in large chamber of the eye.

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20
Q

What is the function of the rods?

A

Detects intensity of light.

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21
Q

What is the function of the cones?

A

Detects the colour of light.

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22
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

The densely packed photoreceptors.

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23
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

A bundle of axons of the retinal ganglion cells as they exit the eye.

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24
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual processing centre at the rear portion of the brain.

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25
Q

What is performance?

A

Observable behaviour

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26
Q

What is learning?

A

Something that must be inferred by behaviour.

27
Q

What are 3 ways we can tell if learning has occurred?

A
  1. There is a change over time.
  2. There is more consistent performance
  3. Change is relatively permanent
28
Q

What are the 3 stages of learning?

A
  1. Cognitive stage
  2. Associative stage
  3. Autonomous stage
29
Q

What is the cognitive stage?

A

Early stage of learning with lots of gross errors.

30
Q

What is the associative stage?

A

When basic fundamentals are learned and one has the ability to detect their own errors.

31
Q

What is the autonomous stage?

A

Skills become automatic and there is not very much error.

32
Q

What are 3 types of practice?

A
  1. Real
  2. Imagery/mental practice
  3. Observational/ vicarious learning
33
Q

What is transfer of learning?

A

Skills that are learned in one activity or sport and can be transferred or used in others.

34
Q

Is transfer of learning always positive?

A

No, it can also be negative.

35
Q

What is positive transfer of learning?

A

When experiences with a previous skill facilitate the learning of a new skill.

36
Q

What is negative transfer of learning?

A

When experience with a previous skill interferes with the learning of a new skill.

37
Q

What is zero transfer of learning?

A

When experience with a previous skill has no effect (or very little effect) on the learning of a new skill.

38
Q

What contributes to the likelihood of a positive transfer of learning?

A

Components of the skills are similar and there are similarities between the learning processes required for the skill.

39
Q

When is negative transfer of learning most likely to occur?

A

When changes in spatial location are required and there are changes in the timing required.

40
Q

What are 3 instructional methods for promoting transfer?

A
  1. Provide contextual interference
  2. Vary the type of practice
  3. Reduce the frequency of feedback
41
Q

How is practicing a skill as a whole beneficial?

A

It helps learners get a feel for the flow and timing.

42
Q

How it practicing a skill in parts beneficial?

A

Emphasizes performing each part correctly before putting it together.

43
Q

When would you practice a whole skill?

A

When the skill is low in complexity and high in organization.

44
Q

When would you practice a skill in parts?

A

When the skill is high in complexity and low in organization.

45
Q

What is blocked practice?

A

The task is practiced on many consecutive trials before the next task.

46
Q

When is it best to use blocked practice?

A

Best used for beginners.

47
Q

What is random practice?

A

The ordering of tasks is randomized during practice.

48
Q

When is randomized practice most effective?

A

When a skill has been developed. It is a slightly slower process and may overload a beginner.

49
Q

What are closed skills?

A

Practice conditions should be similar to those that will prevail under the competition conditions.

50
Q

What are regulatory conditions?

A

When the environment doesn’t change.

51
Q

What are non-regulatory conditions?

A

When the environment does change.

52
Q

What are open skills?

A

When each response is somewhat novel and requires movement patterns that can be used in a variety of situations.

53
Q

What is augmented feedback?

A

Information about performance that comes from an outside source.

54
Q

What are knowledge of results?

A

Information about the outcome of performance.

55
Q

What is knowledge of performance?

A

Information about the production of the movement pattern

56
Q

What is the purpose of augmented feedback (3)?

A
  1. Provides information for error identification
  2. Acts as a form of reinforcement
  3. Serves to motivate the learner
57
Q

What are some things to keep in mind when providing augmented feedback (3)?

A
  1. Precision of feedback
  2. Content of feedback
  3. Forms of feedback
58
Q

What are 4 forms of feedback?

A
  1. Verbal (prescriptive and descriptive)
  2. Kinematic and kinetic visual displays
  3. Video
  4. Augmented sensory feedback
59
Q

What is faded feedback?

A

Gives more feedback to those with a lower skill set. Slowly give less feedback as one progresses.

60
Q

What is bandwidth feedback?

A

Give feedback only when something is done wrong.

61
Q

What is summary feedback?

A

Give feedback summarizing previous trials.

62
Q

When in the learning process is feedback most needed?

A

In the cognitive stage of learning.

63
Q

When in the learning process is faded, bandwidth, and summary feedback used?

A

In the associative stage of learning.

64
Q

When in the learning process can feedback be withdrawn?

A

In the autonomous stage of learning.

Kinesiology 122 (10 decks)

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