Motivation Flashcards
What is motivation?
The internal/external forces that produce the initiation, direction, and persistence of behaviour.
What are 3 important components of motivation?
- Direction of effort
- Intensity of effort
- Persistence
What is intrinsic motivation?
Engaging in behaviours due to interest or enjoyment.
What is extrinsic motivation?
Engaging in behaviours to attain rewards or outcomes that lie outside the activity itself.
What is a trait-centred view of motivation?
What athlete brings to situation.
What is a situational-view of motivation
What environment brings to situation.
What a interaction-centred view?
Interaction between personal and environmental.
What does behaviourism focus on?
Conditioning. Environment determines actions.
Who are the fathers of behaviourism?
Watson and Skinner.
What are 2 behavioural approaches?
Operant conditioning and Vicarious conditioning.
What is operant conditioning?
Behaviours associated with consequences that are learned through reinforcement or punishment following the behaviour.
What is reinforcement?
Factors that increase the frequency of behaviour.
What is positive reinforcement?
Giving something when someone performs a good behaviour to increase that behaviour.
What is negative reinforcement?
Taking away something to increase good behaviour.
What is punishment?
Any factor that decreases frequency of a behaviour.
What is vicarious conditioning?
Resultant from observing others. The outcomes must be valued by the individual.
Who was the father of the cognitive approach?
Aaron Beck
What is the cognitive approach?
An approach which emphasizes thoughts and cognitive habits as causes of behaviour.
What 3 theories are associated with the cognitive approach?
- Self determination theory
- Attribution theory
- Social cognitive theory
What does self determination theory focus on?
The extent to which behaviours are undertaken from an individuals own choice vs. controlled by something external.
What 6 types of motivation are there on the motivational continuum?
- Amotivation
- External Regulation
- Introjected regulation
- Identified regulation
- Integrated regulation
- Intrinsic regulation
Which types of motivation are extrinsic? (4)
- External Regulation
- Introjected regulation
- Identified regulation
- Integrated regulation
What is amotivation?
A lack of motivation.
What is external regulation?
An activity done to fulfill an external contingency or demand.
What is introjected regulation?
The activity is done to avoid negative emotions, enhance positive emotions, or maintain self-worth.
What is identified regulation?
The activity is linked to important goals that stem from participating in the activity.
What is integrated regulation?
The activity is symbolic of the individuals identity.
What is is intrinsic regulation?
The activity is inherently satisfying, enjoyable, interesting, stimulating, and self-rewarding.
What does attribution theory focus on?
How individuals explain success and failure.
What are stable attributions?
Relatively unchanging (ability and task difficulty).
What are unstable attributions?
Vary markedly from time to time (effort and luck).
What are internal attributions?
Perceived as controllable (ability and effort).
What are external attributions?
Perceived as outside one’s control (task difficulty and luck).
What is social cognitive theory?
Something that describes the factors that affect and determine behaviour.
What is reciprocal determinism?
Something which describes the dynamic interplay of social cognitive theory including personal factors, environmental factors, and behavioural factors.
What is a key component of social cognitive theory?
Self Efficacy.
What is self-efficacy?
Beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments.
What central tendencies is the cognitive-behavioural approach based on (2)?
- Our cognitions influence our emotions and behaviour
2. Out behaviour can affect out thoughts and emotions
What 2 things does the cognitive-behavioural approach use?
- Goal-setting
2. Feedback
What is the acronym for SMART goals?
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Timely
