Motivation

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

The internal/external forces that produce the initiation, direction, and persistence of behaviour.

Question 2

What are 3 important components of motivation?

Answer 2

1. Direction of effort
2. Intensity of effort
3. Persistence

Question 3

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 3

Engaging in behaviours due to interest or enjoyment.

Question 4

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 4

Engaging in behaviours to attain rewards or outcomes that lie outside the activity itself.

Question 5

What is a trait-centred view of motivation?

Answer 5

What athlete brings to situation.

Question 6

What is a situational-view of motivation

Answer 6

What environment brings to situation.

Question 7

What a interaction-centred view?

Answer 7

Interaction between personal and environmental.

Question 8

What does behaviourism focus on?

Answer 8

Conditioning. Environment determines actions.

Question 9

Who are the fathers of behaviourism?

Answer 9

Watson and Skinner.

Question 10

What are 2 behavioural approaches?

Answer 10

Operant conditioning and Vicarious conditioning.

Question 11

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 11

Behaviours associated with consequences that are learned through reinforcement or punishment following the behaviour.

Question 12

What is reinforcement?

Answer 12

Factors that increase the frequency of behaviour.

Question 13

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 13

Giving something when someone performs a good behaviour to increase that behaviour.

Question 14

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 14

Taking away something to increase good behaviour.

Question 15

What is punishment?

Answer 15

Any factor that decreases frequency of a behaviour.

Question 16

What is vicarious conditioning?

Answer 16

Resultant from observing others. The outcomes must be valued by the individual.

Question 17

Who was the father of the cognitive approach?

Answer 17

Aaron Beck

Question 18

What is the cognitive approach?

Answer 18

An approach which emphasizes thoughts and cognitive habits as causes of behaviour.

Question 19

What 3 theories are associated with the cognitive approach?

Answer 19

1. Self determination theory
2. Attribution theory
3. Social cognitive theory

Question 20

What does self determination theory focus on?

Answer 20

The extent to which behaviours are undertaken from an individuals own choice vs. controlled by something external.

Question 21

What 6 types of motivation are there on the motivational continuum?

Answer 21

1. Amotivation
2. External Regulation
3. Introjected regulation
4. Identified regulation
5. Integrated regulation
6. Intrinsic regulation

Question 22

Which types of motivation are extrinsic? (4)

Answer 22

1. External Regulation
2. Introjected regulation
3. Identified regulation
4. Integrated regulation

Question 23

What is amotivation?

Answer 23

A lack of motivation.

Question 24

What is external regulation?

Answer 24

An activity done to fulfill an external contingency or demand.

Question 25

What is introjected regulation?

Answer 25

The activity is done to avoid negative emotions, enhance positive emotions, or maintain self-worth.

Question 26

What is identified regulation?

Answer 26

The activity is linked to important goals that stem from participating in the activity.

Question 27

What is integrated regulation?

Answer 27

The activity is symbolic of the individuals identity.

Question 28

What is is intrinsic regulation?

Answer 28

The activity is inherently satisfying, enjoyable, interesting, stimulating, and self-rewarding.

Question 29

What does attribution theory focus on?

Answer 29

How individuals explain success and failure.

Question 30

What are stable attributions?

Answer 30

Relatively unchanging (ability and task difficulty).

Question 31

What are unstable attributions?

Answer 31

Vary markedly from time to time (effort and luck).

Question 32

What are internal attributions?

Answer 32

Perceived as controllable (ability and effort).

Question 33

What are external attributions?

Answer 33

Perceived as outside one’s control (task difficulty and luck).

Question 34

What is social cognitive theory?

Answer 34

Something that describes the factors that affect and determine behaviour.

Question 35

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 35

Something which describes the dynamic interplay of social cognitive theory including personal factors, environmental factors, and behavioural factors.

Question 36

What is a key component of social cognitive theory?

Answer 36

Self Efficacy.

Question 37

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 37

Beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments.

Question 38

What central tendencies is the cognitive-behavioural approach based on (2)?

Answer 38

1. Our cognitions influence our emotions and behaviour | 2. Out behaviour can affect out thoughts and emotions

Question 39

What 2 things does the cognitive-behavioural approach use?

Answer 39

1. Goal-setting | 2. Feedback

Question 40

What is the acronym for SMART goals?

Answer 40

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Timely