Introduction to Research

Question 1

What is imagination?

Answer 1

The application of knowledge.

Question 2

What is knowledge?

Answer 2

The fundamental principles that give a basis for imagination.

Question 3

What is creativiting?

Answer 3

Connecting different things.

Question 4

What are 5 common characteristics of research?

Answer 4

1. Systematic
2. Logical
3. Empirical
4. Reductive
5. Replicable

Question 5

What makes research systematic?

Answer 5

It has problems, methods, data, analysis, and conclusions.

Question 6

What makes research logical?

Answer 6

Others can evaluate conclusions drawn.

Question 7

What makes research reductive?

Answer 7

Data is used to establish more general relationships.

Question 8

What makes research empirical?

Answer 8

Conclusions drawn are based on data.

Question 9

What makes research replicable?

Answer 9

The research process is recorded and others can repeat or build on that research.

Question 10

What is a philosophical worldview?

Answer 10

A researcher’s basic set of beliefs about the general orientation of the world and the nature of research.

Question 11

What are Creswell’s 4 worldviews?

Answer 11

1. Postpositivism
2. Constructivism
3. Transformative
4. Pragmatism

Question 12

What is postpostivism?

Answer 12

It is based on the notion of a single reality and “objective truth”

Question 13

What is postpostivism associated with (2)?

Answer 13

The scientific method and qualitative research.

Question 14

How should postpositive research be (2)?

Answer 14

Unbiased and objective.

Question 15

What is constructivism?

Answer 15

Based on the notion of multiples realities and meaning varied and multiple.

Question 16

What does constructivism focus on?

Answer 16

The complexity of views.

Question 17

How should constructive research be?

Answer 17

It should recognize how one’s background shapes their interpretations of the world.

Question 18

Is constructivism primarily qualitative or quantitative?

Answer 18

Qualitative (phrenology and ethnography).

Question 19

What is the transformative worldview?

Answer 19

Based on the notions that research needs to be intertwined with politics and political agenda.

Question 20

What does the transformative worldview focus on?

Answer 20

Action and reform that may change the lives of participants.

Question 21

How do researchers with the transformative worldview work with patients?

Answer 21

Collaboratively.

Question 22

Is the transformative worldview primarily qualitative or quantitative?

Answer 22

Qualitative (participatory action research).

Question 23

What is pragmatism?

Answer 23

Based on the notion that research needs to be concerned with “what works” and solutions to problems.

Question 24

Is there a single notion of reality in pragmatism?

Answer 24

No.

Question 25

Is pragmatism primarily qualitative or quantitative?

Answer 25

It uses mixed methods (whatever works best).

Question 26

Quantitative research is likely driven by which philosophical worldview?

Answer 26

Postpositivism.

Question 27

What does quantitative research focus on?

Answer 27

Measurements, statistics, and protection against bias.

Question 28

What are the steps in the scientific method (4)?

Answer 28

1. Develop Problem 2. Formulate Hypothesis 3. Gather the data 4. Analyzing and interpreting the results

Question 29

What is the independent variable?

Answer 29

What researcher manipulates.

Question 30

What is the dependent variable?

Answer 30

The effect of the independent variable

Question 31

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 31

The anticipated outcome of the experiment.

Question 32

What internal validity?

Answer 32

The generalizability of the results.

Question 33

What forms of research questions in quantitative research?

Answer 33

1. Comparing groups 2. Relating independent and dependent variables 3. Describing response/status on a variable

Question 34

What are statistics?

Answer 34

An objective way of interpreting data.

Question 35

What 2 things do statistics rely on?

Answer 35

1. Reliability | 2. Meaningfulness

Question 36

How do you calculate the mean of a set of numbers?

Answer 36

The average of the numbers.

Question 37

What is the median of a set of numbers?

Answer 37

If there is an odd number of data values then the median will be the value in the middle. If there is an even number of data values the median is the mean of the two data values in the middle.

Question 38

What is the mode of a set of numbers?

Answer 38

First put the numbers in order, then count how many of each number. A number that appears most often is the mode.

Question 39

What is the equation for the variance of a set of numbers?

Answer 39

(#-mean)+(#-mean)..../(n-1)

Question 40

What is the standard deviation of a set of numbers?

Answer 40

The square root of standard variance.

Question 41

What is the central tendency?

Answer 41

A single score that best represents all scores for a group of individuals

Question 42

What is variability?

Answer 42

The spread of scores.

Question 43

What is qualitative research used for?

Answer 43

Exploring and understanding meanings ascribed by individuals or groups.

Question 44

What are 4 types of qualitative data that are collected?

Answer 44

1. Documents 2. Audiovisual Material 3. Observations 4. Interviews

Question 45

How should interview questions be?

Answer 45

1. Open-ended 2. Clear 3. Include follow-up