Motor Control Flashcards
what is motor control
CNS ability to regulate voluntary and involuntary movement to meet the demands of the environment
Is involuntary or voluntary movement more modifiable
voluntary
where do short latency responses go
spinal cord
where do medium latency responses go
midbrain/brainstem
where do long latency responses go
through cerebellum to cerebral cortex
what are a couple pros of involuntary control
protective, doesn’t use many brain resources
what is a pro of voluntary control
modifiable
where do sensory systems transmit info to
CNS
where is sensory info processed
somatosensory cortex
what is the order of how a sensation is transmitted to the brain
respond to physical stimulus, convert stimulus to AP, give info to CNS to use
how do we detect stimuli
change in sensory neuron membrane
what type of neuron is a sensory receptor (afferent or efferent)
afferent
what type of neuron is a motor receptor (afferent or efferent)
efferent
definition of a stimuli
chemical or energy that activates a sensory receptor
adequate stimulus
type of stimulus which a certain receptor responds to
specificity of receptors
olfactory receptors - odor, visual receptors - photons ]]\
what is the stimuli and receptor for vision
photons and rods/cones
what is the stimuli and receptor for touch
pressure and mechanoreceptors
what is the stimuli and receptor for body movement
velocity and hair cells
what is the stimuli and receptor for proprioception
muscle stretch and muscle spindle
what is modality of stimuli
the what
what do rods pick up
dim light
what do cones pick up
bright light and colors
what provides balance and head orientation
semicircular canals
what detects movement of fluid in the ear
hair cells
what is proprioception
ability to know where our body is in space
what are the stretch receptors
muscle spindles
what do muscle spindles detect
increase in muscle length
what are the receptors that detect force
golgi tendon organ
where is the golgi tendon organ located
muscle tendon junction
what do joint receptors provide info regarding
the joint at extreme positions
what does sensitivity of the skin depend on
number of receptors in the area
what is a dermatome map
map that shows what area of skin corresponds with nerves connecting to the spinal cord
where does afferent info enter in the spinal cord
dorsal horn
where does efferent info exit the spinal cord
ventral horn
how does timing affect latency
length of pathway and number of synapses
what reflex is monosynaptic
stretch reflex
what is posture
position of the body
what is balance
maintenance of posture
how is balance obtained
center of mass is aligned over the base of support
center of mass
mean position of matter in body
base of support
contact of body and support surface
how does our body rely on visual systems as we age
heavily at the beginning and end of life
how does our body rely on muscle systems as we age
heavily in middle age
how does our body rely on vestibular systems as we age
not a lot at all
how do we maintain balance
CNS predicts motor output and adjusts to correct errors
what is anticipatory postural adjustment
occurs PRIOR to limb movement to stabilize
what is compensatory postural adjustment
dependent on sensory feedback following loss of balance
how APA modified
by experience
how is CPA regulated
by cerebellum and brainstem
what is dynamics systems theory
the 3 factors that voluntary movement emerges from
what are the 3 factors that voluntary movement emerges from
the task, environment, and individual
what is the task of voluntary movement
goal and nature of the task
types of task complexity
discrete, serial, continuous
what is discrete complexity
defined beginning and end
what is serial complexity
series of discrete tasks to perform bigger task
what is continuous complexity
repeated with no defined beginning or end
what is the environment of voluntary movement
external factors
2 types of predictability of the environment
open and closed
what is open predictability
changing environment
what is closed predictability
static environment
what is the individual of voluntary movement
perception and cognition
what is perception in the individual
awareness of a sensation
what does perception involve
peripheral sensory info and info processing
what is cognition in the individual
processes to plan movement
what is motor ability
capacity that determines a person’s potential
what is motor skill
actives and tasks performed using motor abilities to achieve a specific goal
is motor skill or ability learned
motor skill
what is reaction time
speed at which one voluntarily respond to stimulus
what is simple reaction time
one possible signal, one possible response
what is choice reaction time
more than 1 signal designates a unique response
