Motivation & Self-Confidence Flashcards
Define Self-confidence and how it helps in sport.
- Belief you can successfully perform the desired behaviour
- Links to affect, behaviour, and cognition
- Helps to:
o Arouse positive emotions
o Facilitate concentration
o Set goals
o Increase effort
o Focus strategies
o Maintain momentum
What is the Self-efficacy Theory (Bandura)?
- If a person believes they are in control and have power to produce desired performance they are more likely to set challenging goals and have higher motivation.
- Belief in one’s capabilities to organise and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments (Bandura, 1997, p.3)
- Self-efficacy is important for participation and adherence
What are the six fundamental elements for developing self-efficacy? (from Bandura)
- Performance accomplishments
- Vicarious experience (modelling)
- Verbal persuasion
- Visualisation
- Physiological states
- Emotional states
Define Cognitive Evaluation Theory and list the factors that can either enhance or undermine intrinsic motivation.
Define: Theory outlines environmental factors that promote or undermine intrinsic motivation through impact on perceptions of competence and autonomy.
Enhance: (Informational aspect )
* Reward provides information about the individuals’ competence, then it is quite likely that intrinsic motivation can be enhanced with rewards
* E.g. challenge = skill level, feels in control, high percieved competence, task driven
Undermine: (Controlling aspect)
* Rewards are seen to be controlling behaviour
* Goal is to obtain the reward rather than participate for intrinsic reasons, then withdrawal of the reward is likely to lead to subsequent decreases in intrinsic motivation
* e.g., Playing only to keep scholarship, challenge exceeds or below skill level, feels controlled by external factor, low percieved competence, ego driven
How does performance accomplishment improve self efficacy? (examples of implimentation)
- If you experience success your confidence in your performance ability increases leading to greater exercise adherence
Implimentation:
* Reduce difficulty of task
* Ensure beginners experience success or they will quit/expectation of lower self-efficacy
* When successful →increase the task difficulty
o Progress charts, activity logs, goals
How does Vicarious Experience (modelling) improve self efficacy? (examples of implimentation)
- Modelling gives participants who lack experience with a task something to immitate to achieve sucess.
Implimentation:
* Use of a model –teachers, coaches, leaders e.g., instructor, skilled teammate, or video of a skilled performer
* Participatory modelling: Observe first, do with assistance = vicarious experience of success provides foundation for success in real situation
How does Verbal Persuasion improve self efficacy? (examples of implimentation)
- If student gets encouragement from the coach, parents, teachers, or peers they are more likely to believe they can suceed => leading to improved self-efficacy.
Implimentation:
* Statements that suggest that the athlete is competent & can succeed
* Avoid negative comments –Can be self-persuasion (self-talk)
o e.g., ‘pick yourself up and go again’
How do Imaginal Experiences improve self efficacy? (examples of implimentation)
- Imagery/visualising sucess as a source of confidence – used more on elite level
Implimentation: - Mental practice
- Link to enjoyment
- Appearance and technique imagery (exercise adoption and confidence to sustain)
How do Physiological States improve self efficacy? (examples of implimentation)
- All about how you view it
o Physiological arousal (e.g., racing heartbeat, butterflies) – poor performance, perceived incompetence, and perceived failure?
o OR facilitative?
Ready to go, excited to compete, perform, or have a go
How do Emotional States improve self efficacy? (examples of implimentation)
- Emotional and physiological arousal can influence readiness for learning and self-efficacy
o e.g., Does this look like fun? does this look challenging or boring? am I scared? am I going to get hurt? - Positive emotional states (e.g., happiness, exhilaration & tranquility) more likely to enhance efficacy judgements than negative emotional states (e.g., anxiety, sadness)
Define Motivation
“The direction and intensity of effort” (Sage, 1977)
List the 7 models/theories of motivation
- Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
- Interactional view
- Self-Determination Theory
- Attribution Theory
- Achievement goal orientation Theory
- Cognitive Evaluation Theory
- Competence motivation
Explain the Interactional View
(Model of motivation)
Says that interaction of personal and situational factors => motivation
Personal Factors:
1. personality
2. Needs
3. interests
4. Goals
Situational Factors:
1. Leader-coach style
2. Facility access/resources/opportunities
3. Team win-loss record
Explain the Achievement goal orientation Theory
(Model of motivation)
Proposes that motivation and resulting behavior is driven by two goal perspectives
1. Ego/Outcome oriented:
* Strive to demonstrate/compare performance in relation to others and defeat others
* Success = outperforming opponents using superior ability rather than high effort or personal improvement
* Typical behaviours = Perception of high ability, Careful selection of activities to avoid failure, Prone to make excuses for failures.
2. Task orientated:
* Self-comparison - Focus on Developing skill, exerting effort, self-improvement
* Self-referenced reasons for participation Skill development, skill mastery, affiliation, fitness
* Typical behaviours = Persistence, optimal effort, doesn’t fear failure, Choose challenging activities, Seeks feedback.
Explain Competence motivation
(Model of motivation)
- Individuals are innately motivated to be competent in all areas of human achievement
- Individuals who achieve sucessful skill mastery => high competance/intrinsic motivation => greater effort.
- Individuals who achieve unsucessful skill mastery => low competance/intrinsic motivation => less effort => drop out.
