Deviant Behaviour

Question 1

Define Sport Ethic

Answer 1

A cluster of norms that many people in power and performance sports have accepted and reaffirmed as the dominant criteria for defining what it means to be an athlete and to successfully claim an identity as an athlete

Question 2

Brief explanation of deviance in sport

Answer 2

• Deviant Under- Conformity = Deviance based on ignoring or rejecting norms
• Normally Accepted Range of Behavior
• Deviant Over- Conformity = Deviance based on unquestioned acceptance of norms

Question 3

What are The 4 Norms of Sport Ethic

Answer 3

1. An athlete makes sacrifices for “the game”
2. An athlete strives for distinction
3. An athlete accepts risks and plays through pain
4. An athlete accepts no limits in the pursuit of possibilities

Question 4

Explain why athletes Over conform to the Sport Ethic and who is most likely to conform

Answer 4

Why:
* sport so exhillarating will do anthing to continue
* more likely to get selected by coaches/managers

Who:
* Low self-esteem
* People pleaser - will make whatever sacrifices they think others want them to make
* Identity: See achievements in sport as their only way to get ahead, make a name, and become important in the world

Question 5

List Examples of Deviance

Answer 5

1. Overly aggressive => permanently hurting people
2. Violence – both on and off the field
3. Drug use and abuse
4. Exercise Addiction
5. Extreme dieting and eating disorders
6. Playing with injury

Question 6

List 4 Hypotheses about deviance among athletes

Answer 6

1. Social bonds normalise risk taking
2. Athletes are separated from the rest of the community
3. Athletes develop extreme degrees of pride or self-confidence.
4. Athletes idolised for deviant behaviours

Question 7

Potential solutions to control deviant over conformity in sports

Answer 7

1. Learn to identify the forms and dynamics of over conformity among athletes
2. Raise critical questions about the meaning, organisation, and purpose of sports
3. Create norms in sports that discourage over conformity to the sport ethic
4. Critical thinking: Help athletes to learn to strike a balance between accepting and questioning rules and norms in their sports
5. Emphasis on personal development, character investment, people etc. rather than external rewards, win at all costs

Question 8

List 4 Criteria for Aggression

Answer 8

1. It is a behaviour
2. It involves intent
3. It involves harm or injury
4. It is directed at a living organism

Question 9

What are the Two kinds of aggression

Answer 9

1. Instrumental Aggression = Intent is to cause harm – but committed to achieve a non-aggressive goal (winning the contest – e.g., boxing, MMA)
2. Hostile/Reactive Aggression = Involves anger, and has a goal of harm or injury or psychological harm

Question 10

List the 5 Theories to explain Causes of aggression

Answer 10

1. Instinct theory
2. Frustration-Aggression Theory (Drive Theories)
3. Social Learning Theory
4. Revised Frustration-Aggression Theory
5. General Aggression Model

Question 11

Explain Instinct theory as a cause of aggression

Answer 11

• Individuals have an innate instinct to be aggressive, which builds up until it must be expressed (directly or via catharsis)
• Sport allows people to channel aggressive instincts in socially acceptable ways
  *little support for biological/innate aggressive instinct

Question 12

Explain Frustration-Aggression Theory as a cause of aggression

Answer 12

• Frustration (goal blockage) always causes aggression
  No support
• Most aggressive acts are caused when people are frustrated
  little evidence that frustrated athletes always result in aggressive acts

Question 13

Explain Social Learning Theory as a cause of aggression

Answer 13

Aggression is learned through observing others (modelling) and then having similar behaviour reinforced
More scientific support for this theory – aggression as a learned behaviour

Question 14

Explain Revised Frustration-Aggression Theory as a cause of aggression

Answer 14

Mental/physiological Process

1. Frustration/failure
2. increased arousal (pain/anger)
3. socially learned cues signal appropriateness of agression
4. Agression

Question 15

Explain General Aggression Model as a cause of aggression

Answer 15

• Person factors (traits, attitude, beliefs) interact with…
• Situation factors (frustrating conditions, incentives, pain, provocation, rivalry)
• Alters internal states (mood, arousal, thoughts) => determine one’s propensity to behave aggressively
  MOST Supported Model

Question 16

What factors contribute to the Development of sexual aggression

Answer 16

• Hubris – mass media, commercialism
• Culture – expectation of rewards (on and off field) = e.g. Team bonding (alcohol, group sex)
• Gender ideology – social norms of masculinity and team identity. Promote problematic sexual behaviour
• Subculture of social norms and attitudes + external factors (alcohol, availability)

    = DEVELOPMENT OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR

Question 17

List effective ways to change sexually aggressive behaviour in sport

Answer 17

1. Comprehensive – address and involve all relevant community members and systems
2. Intensive – offer learning opportunities that are interactive, sustained over time with reinforcing messages
3. Address cognitive, affective, and behavioural domains: what people know, how they feel, and how they behave
4. Relevant to the audience – tailored to the characteristics of the participants and acknowledge the special needs and concerns of particular communities
5. Focus on **peer-related variables **– use peers in leadership roles, emphasise the relationship of sexual assault to other issues
6. Positive messages – build on values and predisposition to act in a positive manner