Motivation and Work (2) Flashcards
The energization and direction of behavior.
Motivation
Feel it within us, conceptualized s as a desire or drive, giving rise to our behavior
Inner state
Behavior is directed by towards valued goals/outcomes
Direction/ Approach
Behavior is directed away from punishment
Avoidance
Theory of Motivation. 20th century. Human behavior is rooted in instincts, or fixed patterns of behavior, that are unlearned and universal within a species. William Mictugall
Instinct Theory
Problems with _____ and _____: Long list of “instincts” so much that all repeated behaviors are considered instinctual. Based on tautological or circular reasoning, no explanation.
Instinct Theory and William Mictugall
Theory of motivation. Developed after the fall of instinct theory. Four basically psychological drives: hunger, thirst, sex, avoidance of pain. Clark Hall
Drive Theory
_____: Humans have four basic psychological drives. The point is to decrease bodily tension. Eventually becomes operative, it doesn’t feel good to be too hungry for too long. Motivates the organism.
Drive Theory. Clark Hall. huger, thirst, sex, and avoidance of pain.
Limitation of the ___ Theory: provides no account on why we behave in ways that increase bodily tension, like rollercoasters.
Drive Theory
Theory of motivation. Humans are motivated to achieve and maintain a state of optimal arousal.
Arousal Theory
_____ theory explains why at times human seek out thrills and want bodily tension. People prefer behaviors a little outside of their current skills. We grow and expand due to optimal challenges.
Arousal Theory
Theory of motivation. Stresses the importance of cognition and thoughts in motivation. Humans are pulled by incentives in the future. People are motivated when they expect to attain an outcome or value an outcome.
Incentive Theory
The ____ theory explains how we are not completely controlled by drives, we have cognition and why behaviors we associate with positive and negative outcomes can be used as incentives.
Incentive Theory
Pyramid. Our ultimate goal as humans is to achieve self actualization and self transcendence. All sets at the base of the pyramid must be fulfilled before
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Hierarchy of Needs. Base of the pyramid. Basic needs, necessary for survival. Food, oxygen ect
Psychological needs
Hierarchy of Needs. One up from the base of the pyramid. Steady work, financial security, home stability, predictable environment. One step above psychological needs, one below social needs.
Safety needs
Hierarchy of needs. Two up from the base of the pyramid. Needs experienced in relation to others: affiliation, affection, belonging, love. Conseq: feel lonely, alienated, anxious. One step above safety, one below esteem.
Social needs
Hierarchy of needs. Three up from the base of the pyramid. Seek out opportunities to develop a feeling of self worth: social status, recognition, power, authority. Conseq: feel inferior, incompetent, hard to be motivated. One step above social needs, one below self-actualization.
Esteem needs
Hierarchy of needs. One step from the top of the pyramid. Ability to realize and live up to our full potential. Each of us has our own unique potentials. One step above esteem needs, and one step down from self transcendence
Self Actualization
Hierarchy of Needs. Top of the pyramid. Need to find meaning/identify beyond oneself. It isn’t enough to realize our own potential, we need to help others realize theirs. Coaches, parents, teachers. One step above self actualization.
Self Transcendence
_____. Biologically driven. Cannon and Washburn thought sensations of ___ were from the stomach. Balloon experiment.
Hunger
People who have their stomaches removed still feel hungry, people with amnesia will continually eat.
Proof that hunger is psychological not simply hungry physical
Hypothatlus is responsible for the regulation of hunger
Psychological influence
Humans prefer sweet vs salty goods. Generic and universal
Taste preference
____ cues in our environment are responsible for preferences. Association between hot dogs and baseball. ____ cues: we eat more in the company of others.
External, social