Emotions (3) Flashcards
The way in which our lives are animated
Emotion
Superior intellect, cognitive capacity, abiltiy to formulate plans and satisfy desires, rational, emotional, ability to experience and express a wide variety of emotion
Differences between humans and other animals
Many different emotions are part of the human repertoire, some emotions are universal and used by all humans, but some are culture specific. Some emotions are culture specific.
Reasons that emotions are a difficult construct to define
Some emotions are intense, like rage and euphoria, others are mild, like serenity. Some are pleasant, positive, others are unpleasant and negative. Some direct us into action like anger, others do not, like peace.
Reasons that emotions are a difficult construct to define
Emotions include an internal psychological arousal - breathing, pulse, perspiration.
One of three agreed upon characteristics of emotion
Emotions include expressive behaviors in our face and body
One of three agreed upon characteristics of emotion
Emotions include cognitive appraisal - its not just psychological and behavioral. We try to decipher and understand where it came from. What caused this emotion?
One of three agreed upon characteristics of emotion
Theory of emotion. Suggests that emotional experience precedes behavioral expression. Emotions give rise to behavior, we smile because we feel happy.
Common sense view on emotion
Emotional experience follows behavioral experience. We feel happy because we smile. Things change when you smile on a neural level. Psychological and behavioral responses cause emotional experience.
James-Lange theory of emotion
Challenged the James-Lange theory. Bodily sensations alone cannot produce emotion. Smile all you want, but if you are depressed, it won’t make you happy. Emotions occur instantly, before the body has time to react.
Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
Psychological changes that occur with emotions are often to general to distinguish between emotions, and behavioral experiences need not give rise to emotions. Physiological and behavioral responses are experienced independently of one another.
Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
Brain centers. Evolutionary primitive set of neural structures. Emotions controlled by this center are quick and automatic. Fear and anger, fight or flight. Occur with ought any cognitive work.
Limbic System
Brain Center. Emotions regulated by this part are ones we are more in control of. Positive emotions are regulated in the left, negative emotions are regulated in the right
Cerebral Cortex
Emotions are not simply subjective, they have an ____ component. We stand tall when we are proud, wrinkle face in disgust, drag feet when we’re depressed
Behavioral component - nonverbal communication
First to theorize about non-verbal communication. Theorized that facial communications are innately and universally understood.
Charles Darwin
Confirmed Charles Darwin’s theory about nonverbal communications. People all over the world can identify six emotions in others: happy, surprised, fear, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust
Paul Eckman
_____ is connected to the ability to recognize facial emotions in a crowd. People can more quickly recognize a face that is discrepant and angry than one that is discrepant and sad. We can quickly pick out a threat to us in a crowd.
Survival value
Change in facial experience produces corresponding changes in emotional experience.
Sensory feedback hypothesis
Fritz Strack. Discovered by ___ in 1988. Parcicipants were asked to rate the funniness of cartoons either with a pen between their teeth or their lips. The teeth group rated the cartoons funnier on average. Facial expressions can evoke and magnify emotions
Sensory feedback hypothesis
Belief that their ought to be more to our feelings than meter arousal and expression. Role of — factors in emotion, triggered by factors outside of ourselves. We have the ability to give rise to our emotional experience.
Cognitive Component
Theory. Two factors aren necessary for a specific emotion. Generalized psychological arousal (racing heart, sweaty palms) and finding cognitive label and attrition to find the source in the environment.
Schracter’s two factor theory.
Schracter and Singer (1962). Told male participants they would receive a vitamin, but it was actually a psychological drug. Drug informed group, uninformed group, and placebo drug. The uninformed group had no explanation for their arousal, so they looked to their environment.
Case study of two factor theory
Arousal produced by one source can be misattributed or transferred to another source.
Misattribution
Dulton and Aaron. Crossing a river, two groups: one crossed a sturdy bridge, one a narrow, wobbly one. A female research assistant gave them her number after, and the ones on the wobbly bridge were more likely to call her. They misattributed their arousal to the pretty girl not the bridge.
Misattribution study
Happiness unassociated with: age, gender, race, IQ, education, attractiveness
Roots of happiness - does not impact happiness
Social realtionships, employment status, health
Roots of happiness
______ there is no association between accumulation of money/materials and happiness
Longitudinally - over time
Flux in happiness levels based on life events tend to wear off over time, _______ returns to predetermined state of happiness
Happiness levels are stable over time
Theory. Perceptions of wealth are not absolute, but depend on standing. Downward ___ feel happy, upward ___ feel sad
Social Comparison Theory. Comparison
Happiness. Set point for happiness, predetermined.
Biological
