Motivation and Emotions

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

It is the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.

Question 2

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 2

When a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person

Question 3

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 3

When a person performs an action because the act is fun, challenging, or satisfying in an internal manner

Question 4

What are instincts?

Answer 4

The biologically determined and innate patterns of behaviour that exist in both people and animals

Question 5

What is the Drive-Reduction Theory?

Answer 5

It is a approach to motivation that assumes behaviour arises from internal drives to push the organism to satisfy physiological needs and reduce tension and arousal. This theory also includes the concept of homeostasis. When the primary drive is present, the body is in the state of imbalance. This stimulates behaviour that brings the body back into balance.

Question 6

What is a need?

Answer 6

It is a requirement of some material (food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism

Question 7

What is a drive?

Answer 7

It is a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension

Question 8

What are primary drives?

Answer 8

Involves the needs of the body such as hunger and thirst

Question 9

What are acquired (secondary) drives?

Answer 9

Its is learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval

Question 10

What is the McClelland’s theory?

Answer 10

Proposed a theory of motivation that highlights the importance of three psychological needs such as affiliation, power, and achievement

Question 11

What is nAff

Answer 11

Need for friendly social interaction and relationships with others. People high in this need seek to be liked by others and be held in high regard by those around them.

Question 12

What is nPow

Answer 12

People high in this need want to influence others and make an impact on them. Their ideas must be used regardless of the outcomes. Status and prestige important.

Question 13

What is nAch?

Answer 13

Involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones, but also challenging ones. People high in this need look for careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them because they also need feedback about their performance.

Question 14

What is Carol Dweck’s self-theory of motivation?

Answer 14

Need for achievement is closely linked to personality factors and people’s ‘theories’ about their own selves as it can affect their level of achievement motivation and their willingness to keep trying to achieve success in the face of failure. Related to the locus of control

Question 15

What is internal locus of control?

Answer 15

Where people assume that they have control over what happens in their lives. People who believe intelligence is changeable and an be shaped by experiences and effort fall under internal locus of control. They are motivated to master tasks and dont allow failure to destroy their confidence, take control and create new strategies to tackle tasks.

Question 16

What is external locus of control?

Answer 16

Where people feel that their lives are controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate. People who believe intelligence is fixed and unchangeable fall under external locus of control, this leads them to give up easily and develop learned helplessness (stop trying to achieve a goal because of past failure)

Question 17

What are some of the instincts that William McDougall proposed?

Answer 17

Curiosity, flight, pugnacity (aggressiveness) and acquisition (gathering possessions)

Question 18

What is a stimulus motive?

Answer 18

A motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation such as curiosity, playing and exploration

Question 19

What is the arousal theory?

Answer 19

A theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

Question 20

What are sensation seekers?

Answer 20

Someone who needs more arousal than an average person. They need more complex and varied sensory experiences than other people.

Question 21

What are incentives?

Answer 21

Things that attract or lure people into action.

Question 22

What are incentive approaches?

Answer 22

It is a theory of motivation in which behaviour is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties. These rewarding properties exist independently of the need or level of arousal (people do not have to have a specific need for the incentive to motivate them) and can cause people to act only upon the incentive. The incentive theory is partly based on the principle of learning (conditioning).

Question 23

What is the Humanistic Approach?

Answer 23

Based on Maslow’s theory and a more modern approaches called self-determination theory. Presents a more positive view of human behaviour.

Question 24

What is self-actualization?

Answer 24

According to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential

Question 25

How do you achieve self-actualization?

Answer 25

The primary and fundamental needs must be fulfilled.

Question 26

What are peak experiences?

Answer 26

According to Maslow, times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved.

Question 27

What is the self-determination theory (SDT) ?

Answer 27

A theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action.

Question 28

What are the three inborn and universal needs that help people gain a complete sense of self and a relationship with others?

Answer 28

Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness

Question 29

What is Autonomy?

Answer 29

The need to be in control of own behaviour and goals. Important aspect of Eriksons’s theory of psychological personality development.

Question 30

What is Competence?

Answer 30

The need to be able to master the
challenging tasks of one’s life.Important aspect of Eriksons’s theory of psychological personality development.

Question 31

What is Relatedness?

Answer 31

The need to feel a sense of belonging,
intimacy and security in relationships. Similar to Maslow’s belongingness and love