MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 1 Flashcards
Definition of motivation
The process which influence the direction persistence and vigour of gold directed behaviour
Homeostasis and drives
Definition of homeostasis-refers to a state of physiological equilibrium actively maintained by the body
Physiological distractions to homeostasis produce drives
Internal state of tension motivates organism to reduce tension
Does not explain why we increase drives
Behaviour activation and inhibition system (BAS &BIS)
BAS: activated by signals of potential reward and gratification
- positive emotion
- prefrontal and left hemisphere
BIS: activated by seven as a potential pain, punishment and non-reinforcement
- Negative emotion and avoidance behaviour
- Limbic, right hemisphere
Cognitive processes
- incentive to environmental stimuli that will organise to want to go : “ you come I’ll give you money”
- expectancy (beliefs) x value (how much you enjoy the thing you want to accomplish) Theory
- extrinsic ( external stimuli: money) vs intrinsic ( internal stimuli: wanting to learn) motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
-Abraham Maslow
- Believed humans strive for personal growth
- self actualisation
Deficiency : needs to be met prior to growth
Growth needs
Criticisms - can aspire to growth needs before deficiency
Self-determination Theory SDT
- Edward Deci and Richard Ryan
- assumes we seek to improve, self actualise and grow
- SDT
1. Competence
2. Autonomy( you control your destiny)
3. Relatedness (connected with others)
Extrinsic and intrinsic control of behaviour is graded
Environmental and cultural factors
- Food variety
- classically conditioned cues such as McDonald’s M
- eating with others happen
- time-of-day
Obesity and health risks
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of weight, taking into consideration height divided by weight
- underweight <18.5
- normal weight 18.5-25
- overweight 25-30
- obesity > 35
Health risks associated with this:
-cardiovascular disease, talk to diabetes, meant to illness, social stigma
Causes of obesity
Genetic component-heritability 40 to 70%
Environmental component:
- over abundance of high-fat/high carbohydrate foods
- culture of this on quantity over quality
- increased entry behaviour
- high levels of dopamine in the reward centre of the brain
Eating behaviours-hunger and weight regulation
- Metabolism refers to the bodies rate of energy utilisation
- set point is the standard by which body weight (or fat mass) is regulated
- sets the rage for body weight
- can be shifted
- satiety is the psychological state of feeling full
Biological mechanisms
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- glucose levels (stored in the liver)
- stomach digestion ( release of cholecystokinin )
- leptin levels
BRAIN MECHANISMS
- lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus (initiation of eating)
- paraventricular nucleus (stop eating)
Psychological mechanisms
-
- positive and negative reinforcement
- attitudes and beliefs ( eat all off your plate)
- habits (pop-corn at movies)
- Body ideals
Anorexia nervosa
- anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which individuals have an intense fear of being fat
- severely restrict food intake to point of starvation
- view themselves as fat despite being severely underweight
HEALTH PROBLEMS
- cessation of periods
- bone loss
- stres on heart
- mortality
Bluimia nervosa
-eating disorder where people are afraid of becoming fat
Occurs in phases
- binge eating
- purging
Can appear to maintain a normal body weight
HEALTH ISSUES
- gastric upsets
- gun disease
- severe eroded teeth
Causes of mental illness relating to thinness
Genetics: higher concordance rates for twins
Personality factors:
- anorexia: perectionalism
- bulimia: low impulse control, depression, anxiety
- environmental/ social
- more common in soviets with thinness ideals
