GENETICS AND NEURONS

Question 1

genome

Answer 1

Complete set of instructions to make an organism or perform biological processes

Question 2

Genes

Answer 2

Inherited units of information

Question 3

DNA

Answer 3

The molecules of genetic information which make up genes

Question 4

Chromosomes

Answer 4

Double strands of tightly wound DNA which must be unwound when information on them is required

Question 5

Dominant genes

Answer 5

Are expressed when they are present

Question 6

Recessive genes

Answer 6

are only expressed want to recessive genes

Question 7

Genotype

Answer 7

Unique genetic make up

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

Observable physical characteristics

Question 9

Polygenic

Answer 9

Mini genes contribute to a trait such as schizophrenia

Question 10

Transcription

Answer 10

The original form that DNA is in cannot leave the cell so DNA is initially transcribed and then translated into protein wanted has left the cell

Question 11

Epigenetic’s

Answer 11

Changes in June expression independent of DNA and results from environmental influences.

• The genes can be switched on via metal molecules and attach the dna which switch on and off genes
• otherwise molecules attached to the start wrapping around the DNA which can make the genes be hidden or exposed

Question 12

Gene manipulation

Answer 12

Re-combining different DNA structures

• knock-out procedure remove genetic information
• knock-in procedures insert genetic information

Question 13

Behavioural genetics

Answer 13

Monoszygotic
-identical twins are generally identical
Dizygotic
-fraternal Twins share 50% of the genetic material
-siblings share 50% of the genetic material

.Family studies
.adoption studies
.twin studies

Question 14

Heritability

Answer 14

Is it estimate of the amount of genetic variation which accounts for variations in a phenotype
-it’s expressed as a percentage and applied to populations

does not

• Measure how much a trait for one person is affected
• indicate how much one gene affects a trait

Question 15

Heritability and intelligence

Answer 15

• Intelligence has a strong genetic component
• twin correlation is not perfect
• implies a role of environment and upbringing environment and deprivation
• educational experiences

Question 16

Neurons

Answer 16

• Specialised cells for communication
• function (afferent, into neurons, deferent)
• type (uni polar, bipolar, multipolar)
• glial provide support for neurons
• structure maintenance and regulation

Question 17

Action potentials

Answer 17

The resting potential of a neutron is -70 millivolts

Generation of action potential involves

• sodium
• potassium
• chlorine
• anions (A-)

Question 18

Neurotransmitters

Answer 18

Neurotransmitters a chemical substances that carry messages across the synapse in a central and peripheral nervous system

• neurotransmitters can result in excitatory( depolarisation)- cause action potential
• inhibitaroy messages (hyperpolarise) -opening of potassium channel to make it more negative

Question 19

Neurotransmitter functions

Answer 19

ACh (acetylcholine) - muscular movements, memory

Norepinephrine- arousal, learning, memory, wakefulness, eating

Serotonin - modulate emotion, impulse control, dreaming, eating

Dopamine-reward, motivation, voluntary movement

GABA-inhibits action potentials, anxiety, relaxes muscles

Endorphins- pain reduction

Question 20

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 20

Returns the body to homeostasis or provide energy expenditure