LEARNING PRINCIPLES Flashcards
Learning
-Learning is a process whereby experience induces a relatively enduring change in an organism’s behaviour or capabilities
Habituation
a decrease in the strength of a reflexive response to a repeated stimulus
Classical conditioning
IAN PAVLOV
neutral stimulus (NS)-any stimulis that doesn’t cause a biological response
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)-can cause a biological Response
Unconditioned response (UCR)-image response- don’t need to learn how to perform
conditioned stimulus (CS) -the link between the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus
Condition response (CR) - the UCR becomes this after conditioning
Tone-> no salivation
UCS (food) -> UCR (salivation)
CS (tone) + UCS (food) -> UCR (salivation)
CS (tone) -> CR (salivation)
Factors that facilitate conditioning
- Repeated CS-UCS pairing
- UCS is more intense
- the CS is presented before the UCS
- short latency between CS and UCS
Phobias
A phobia refers to an intense, irrational fear of an object or situation.
The response is disproportional to the danger presented.
Individuals will respond strongly or engage in avoidance behaviour.
Examples:
Animals, bloody injection, natural environment
Systematic desensitisation
Involves gradually exposing patients to try get objects or situations systematically.
- patients generate a hierarchy of fears nominating the least to the most fear inducing objects or situations
- patients taught relaxation techniques -gradually lead to extinction of fear responses
Extinction
- Extension is where a CS is presented without the UCS which cause a gradual reduction in the CR
- spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the CR without new paring trials
Instrumental conditioning
Edward Thorndike
-use special cages to examine environment influence and behaviour
The law of effect:
- response followed by satisfying consequences will become more likely
- responses followed by dissatisfying consequences will become less likely
Operant conditioning
B.F. skinner
- used Skinner box is to examine the effect of consequences on behaviour
- organisms learned the association between behaviour and consequences
Reinforcement and punishment
- reinforcement involve strengthening of a behaviour following an outcome
- punishment involves weakening of behaviour following an outcome
Operant conditioning schedules of reinforcement
Ratio schedules
- fixed ratio (FI) involve the rain Forseman after a fixed number of responses
- variable ratio (VR) involves reinforcement after a variable number of responses centred on average
Interval schedules:
- fixed interval (FI) involves reinforcement after a fixed interval of time
- variable interval (V I I) involves reinforcement after variable interval of time centred on an average
Limitations of operant conditioning
- Ignores cognitive processes
- difficult to explain language, memory, decision making
- some behaviour is difficult to condition
- tendency to wards instinctual drift
Types of reinforcement and punishment
Positive reinforcement-after desired behaviour, A reward is given such as money
Negative reinforcement- take something away that is annoying or bad such as Panadol to remove a headache
positive punishment-deliver something painful or undesirable to cause a link of pain and associated behaviour
Negative punishment-to take something away that the individual likes such as removing favourite toy
Observational learning
Albert bandura
-social learning theory proposes we learn by observing others and demonstrated behaviours could be learnt without reinforcement
Modelling
