BRAIN ANATOMY

Question 1

Major brain divisions

Answer 1

• hind brain(innate functions)
• pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum
• mid brain (language)
• forebrain
• hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus , amygdala
• frontal, parietal, occipital , temporal

Question 2

Lobes of the brain

Answer 2

Primary motor cortex-voluntary movement

frontal lobe

Broca’s area - speech formation

Primary auditory cortex- surrounded by a higher-order auditory cortex (hearing)

Temporal lobe

Brainstem

Spinal-cord

Cerebellum-motor control

Primary visual cortex-surrounded by a high audit visual cortex (sight)

Occipital lobe

Wernickies area (speech understanding)

Parietal lobe

somatic sensory cortex-body sensations

Question 3

Central nervous system

Answer 3

The brain and spinal cord

The brain is composed of the forebrain [(thalamus and hypothalamus)(cerebrum-cerebral cortex, limbus system, corpus collosum)],

midbrain,

hindbrain(cerebellum, pons, medulla)
-ridiculous formation begins at the level of the Medulla and runs up through the midbrain to the forebrain)

Question 4

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 4

Somatic system-voluntary muscle activation
Autonomic system -control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, basically involuntary

Sympathetic-generally activates
Parasympathetic-generally inhibits

Question 5

Hind brain-cerebellum

Answer 5

• The cerebellum or little brain, resembles the cerebral cortex
• importance of proper motor function, balance, coordination (smooth out movements so little thinking is required)
• damage to this region can result in head tilt, balance problems, loss of smooth compensatory Eye movements and can be life-threatening
• works independently and unconsciously

Question 6

Hind brain-reticular formation

Answer 6

• The reticular formation is located with in the mid and hind brain
• it’s a let’s higher regions of incoming information acting as a gateway
• ascending pathway alert higher regions of incoming information
• descending pathways block/allow incoming messages
• evolve with attention, sleep, consciousness
• damage can cause a coma

Question 7

Hindbrain- brain stem

Answer 7

-The brainstem comprises the Medulla onongata and pons
-the medulla is responsible for vital reflex/survival functions: separation, swelling, vomiting, heart rate, salivation, coughing
-Service is the gateway for facial sensory and motor nerve tracks
-PONS
sends info to/from higher/lower regions of the nervous system and respiration

Question 8

The mid brain

Answer 8

• The midbrain is located towards the centre of the brain
• made up of several structures (tectum , tegmentum, substantia nigra)
• there are two swellings on each side of the Tectum
• superior colliculus (important for visual processing)
• inferior colliculus ( import for auditory processing)

Question 9

forebrain - thalamus

Answer 9

• inner chamber
• receives afferent inputs from peripheral nervous system
• as a relay centre
• send most sensory information to the cerebral cortex
• Visual, somatosensory, Gustation, literary
• except sense of olfactory (smell)

Question 10

For brain-hypothalamus

Answer 10

-located under the thalamus
FUNCTIONS
-temperature regulation, BP, blood glucose levels and reward
-4 Fs= fighting fleeing feeding fornicating
- involved with horemone regulation in conjunction with the Pituitary gland

Question 11

For brain-amygdala

Answer 11

• almond
• generalised “relevance detector” of biological stimuli
• paired association between emotion and objects
• processes fear responses, facial emotions, responds to fearful faces
• precious emotions such as fear, disgust, positive emotions

Question 12

Forebrain- hippocampus

Answer 12

• ‘seahorse’
• important for consolidation short-term memorys into long-term memories
• declarative and spatial memory
• has connections with the Cerebral cortex
• damage to this region can result in very severe memory impairment

Question 13

Frontal lobes

Answer 13

-contains a primary motor cortex
-important for executive functions (complex thinking functions)
-planning, maintaining attention, inhibition, decision-making
-involved with guiding socially appropriate behaviour
-each hemisphere controls the contralateral opposite side of the body
Left controls right vice versa

Question 14

Palatial lobes

Answer 14

• contains a primary somatosensory cortex (touch)
• information is received from the contralateral side of the body
• Information from the left side is sent to the right hemisphere
• involved with visual spatial processing
• damage to the right Who is your load can result in hemineglect

Question 15

Language centres

Answer 15

• Wernickes area is primarily involves speech comprehension (temporal lobes )
• brocas sareas is primarily involves speech production (frontal lobes)
• damage to either region will result in primary and secondary deficits in both speech production and comprehension

Question 16

Temporal lobes

Answer 16

• The temple is contained a primary auditory cortex(hearing)
  -important for memory function
  -the templates specialist processing visual information
  -faces objects movement
  DAMAGE
  -kluver-bucysyndrome
  -prosopagnosia: can’t recognise faces you once knew

Question 17

Occipital lobes

Answer 17

• primary visual cortex (vision)
• secondary areas within the lobes produce different types of visual information: colours, forms, motion
• damage to the visual areas can result in: akinetopsia (can’t see movement), achromatopsia(can’t see colour) and visual agnosia (can’t use vision to determine an object)