MEMORY

Question 1

Definition of memory, encoding, storage and retrieval

Answer 1

Memory refers to our ability to retain knowledge, information and skills

Encoding refers to translating information into in your code which can be processed by the brain

Storage involves retaining information over time

Retrieval involves recalling/accessing store information

Question 2

Three stage memory model

Answer 2

Atkinson and Shiffrin

1: sensory memory

Sensory memory briefly retains incoming sensory information such as smell or taste and only last for a fraction of a second and can only fit 3 to 5 items

2:working memory ( short-term memory)

Working memory is a limited capacity system for conscious processing which lasts up to 30 seconds and can fit a capacity of around 7 items but can increase through chunking

3: long-term memory

Refers to our relatively stable, durable and payment memory storeand a distinct long-term memory cells, did you ocean can be up to a lifetime and an infinite capacity

Question 3

Components of the working memory

Answer 3

For components
1: central executive

2: visuospacial sketchpad(virtual environment)
3: episodic buffer
4: phonological loop (auditory)

Question 4

Serial position affect

Answer 4

Describes the probability of recalling a word depends on its all in the sequence.

primary affect: superior recall of words at the beginning of a word

Recency effect: superior recall of words at the end of the word list

Question 5

Long-term memory stores

Answer 5

Explicit or declarative memory: (can verbalise)

• episodic (unique memory of a particular event)
• semantic (may not know the context where you learn the information)

Implicit memory: (difficult to describe)

• procedural (how to do things)
• classically conditioned responses

Question 6

Levels of processing

Answer 6

Craik and tulving

The more deeply personal information, the better we will remember it.

Structural (Shallow) is when you only pay attention to how information looks

Phonemic (deeper) is when you compare how would sound next to others

Semantic (deepest) is when you think about the meaning of words and link it to examples

Question 7

Associative networks

Answer 7

Propose that long memory can be represented as a large network of ideas and concepts

Each concept or unit of information is represented as a node

Lines represent the connections between notes.

short lines indicate stronger connections.
Longer lines indicate weaker connections.

Activation of one load leads to spreading activation

Question 8

Forgetting

Answer 8

-encoding failure
(don’t give in for enough time to transfer to long-term memory)

-decay of memory trace
(based on the way your brain structure is speaking a second language and then forgetting)

Interference:
Proactive interference
 (old information that interferes with processing new information. example: getting new phone number and bringing up old number rather than the new phone number

Retroactive interference

is when more recent information gets in the way of trying to recall older information. An example would be calling your ex-boyfriend/girlfriend by your new boyfriend/girlfriend’s name