Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
The range of factors that influence people to behave in certain ways.
Advantages of motivation
Better labour productivity
Lower levels of absenteeism and staff turnover
Improed relations with trade unions
Good employer reputation
Increased product quality or customer service
Theories of motivation
Taylor
Mayo
Maslow
Herzberg
Expectancy theories
Taylor’s theory of motivation
Workers are mainly motivated by pay
Workers do not naturally enjoy work
Piece-rate pay so that workers are encouraged to maximise production
Ignores social needs of employees
Mayo’s theory of motivation
Workers are motivated by communication and teamwork
Greater manager involvement in employee’s working lives
Involving employees in decision making
Maslow’s theory of motivation
Focuses on the psychological needs of employees
The five levels of the Hierarchy of Needs
The Hierarchy of Needs
Basic Needs
Safety Needs
Social Needs
Self-esteem
Self-actualisation
Herzberg’s theory of motivation
A two-factor theory of motivation - Motivating factors and hygiene factors
Workers are motivated by job enlargement, job enrichment and empowerment
Motivating factors
Factors concerned with the actual job:
Recognition by management of tasks being done well
Being given responsibility over tasks
Promotion opportunities
Hygiene factors
Factors that surround the job:
Poor working conditions
Unsatisfactory wages and salaries
Lack of job security
Job enlargement
Workers are given a greater variety of tasks to perform.
Job enrichment
Workers are given more complex and challenging tasks.
Empowerment
Delegation of more power to employees to make their own decisions.
Expectancy theories of motivation
Workers are motivated by what they perceive will happen
Three factors that motivate workers - Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence
Expectancy
The extent of an individual’s perception that an action will produce a particular outcome.
Instrumentality
The extent to which an individual perceives that effective performance will lead to desired rewards.
Valence
The strength of the belief that rewards are available to be achieved.
Financial methods of motivation
Time-rate pay
Piece-rate pay
Commission
Fringe benefits
Profit sharing
Time-rate pay
Employees are paid for the amount of time spent at work.
Piece-rate pay
Gives a payment for each item produced.
Commission
A payment made to employees based on the value of sales achieved.
Fringe benefits
Financial benefits not paid out directly in cash.
Profit sharing
Employees receive a proportion of business profits.
Non-financial methods of motivation
Job enlargement
Job enrichment
Job rotation
Empowerment
Quality circles
Job rotation
The movement of employees through a range of jobs.
