Motivation

Question 1

Define motivation.

Answer 1

The PROCESS that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of EFFORT toward attaining a GOAL

Question 2

What are the three parts that makeup motivation?

Answer 2

Intensity (desire)
Direction (focus)
Persistence (commitment)

Question 3

What is the key fact about the Hawthorne Studies?

Answer 3

Motivation became an idea through these studies

Question 4

What are the types of motivation and give four examples of each?

Answer 4

Intrinsic motivation: Satisfaction, fun, engagement, and interest
Extrinsic motivation: Monetary payment, promotions, praise, and punishment

Question 5

What are the 4 foundational motivation theories?

Answer 5

1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. McGergor’s theory X & theory Y
3. Herzberg’s two-factor theory
4. McClelland’s theory of needs

Question 6

What is the idea of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and what are the five levels?

Answer 6

You can’t move on to the next till you have completed the part below. Need to fulfil a need before moving up in the hierarchy. Physiological then safety the social/belonging/love then esteem then self-actualization

Question 7

What is the idea of McGergor’s theory X & theory Y and explain each theory

Answer 7

Everyone falls into two broad catagories of either X or Y.
Theory X: dislike work, lazy, dislike responsibility, need direction or coercion to perform
Theory Y: Like to work, creative, seek responsibility, and can self-direct

Question 8

What is the idea of Herzberg’s two-factor theory and explain both parts of give examples

Answer 8

There are two factors, hygiene (tends to be extrinsic) are motivations that neither satisfy nor dissatisfy when you have them and then there are motivations (tend to be intrinsic) which are things that actually motivate you
See slide 10-11 for examples

Question 9

What is the idea of McClelland’s theory of needs?

Answer 9

There are three important needs that help explain motivations
1. Need for achievement: You want to excel
2. Need for power: You want to influence others
3. Need for affiliation: You want to feel valued

Question 10

Which of the four foundational theories has validity?

Answer 10

McClelland’s theory of needs

Question 11

What are the five contemporary motivation theories?

Answer 11

1. Self-determination theory
2. Goal setting theory
3. Self-efficacy theory
4. Equity Theory
5. Vroom’s expectancy theory

Question 12

What is the idea of the Self-determination theory
and what are the components (3)?

Answer 12

Feeling in control of actions is motivational and intrinsic motives are more sustainable than extrinsic ones.
Need for autonomy, seeking competence, and positive connections

Question 13

What is the idea of the Goal setting theory?

Answer 13

Specific and difficult goals, with feedback, are motivational

Question 14

What is the idea of the Self-efficacy theory?

Answer 14

An individual belief that they are capable of performing a task, the more confident in their ability to succeed. Creating a positive spiral

Question 15

What is the idea of the Equity Theory?

Answer 15

Individuals are concerned with not only the absolute amount of reward for their effort but also the amount relative to what others receive and the perception of fairness based on this comparison. There is a balance between inputs and compensation

Question 15

What is the idea of Vroom’s expectancy theory?

Answer 15

Made up of three parts
1. If you put in effort then you will see that performance
2. From that performance there is some kind of reward
3. An you see that reward fit for that effort put in

Question 16

What are the two other theories that stem from self-determination theory and explain each

Answer 16

1. Cognitive evaluation theory: extrinsic rewards reduce intrinsic motivation if the reward is seen as controlling
2. Self-concordance: You are happier pursuing goals for intrinsic reasons

Question 17

What is management by objective? What theory is it a part of and explain it

Answer 17

Is a part fo goal-setting theory and is a systematic means to utilize goal-setting. and is done by setting specific goals, with defined time periods, performance feedback and employee partipation

Question 18

What is an application of goal-setting theory and management by objectives?

Answer 18

SMART goals

Question 19

What are the four ways to gain or increase self-efficacy and explain each?

Answer 19

1. Enactive Mastery: Gaining experience
2. Vicarious Modeling: Seeing some else do the task
3. Verbal Persuasion: Being convinced that you have the skills
4. Arousal: Getting energized or psyched-up

Question 20

What is an example of something that can create an imbalance in the equity theory?

Answer 20

An example is finding out a new employee is being paid more than you

Question 21

What actions can you take to restore equity upon perception of inequality? (6)

Answer 21

1. Modify inputs
2. Modify outcomes
3. Change perception
4. Modify relationship
5. Change comparative
6. Remove from exchange

Question 22

Which of the contemporary theories is valid?

Answer 22

All have a reasonable degree of valid support

Question 23

What are the 5 core job dimensions that lead to 3 critical psychological states that result in positive personal and work outcomes?

Answer 23

1. skill variety
2. skill identity
3. skill significance
   Create 1. Experienced meaningfulness of the work
4. Autonomy
   Creates 2. Experienced responsibility of the work outcomes of the work
5. Feedback from the job
   Creates 3. Knowledge of the actual results of the work activities

Question 23

Slide 39*

Question 24

In what ways can you motivate through job design? (3)

Answer 24

Job rotation: Move employees from one task to another
Job enrichment: Vertical enrichment (eg. analyst presenting then executing a plan)
Relational job design: connecting employees with the people they impact through the job

Question 25

In what ways can you motivate through job arrangments? (3)

Answer 25

Flextime: Employee has hours that they can choose
Job sharing: Two people sharing a single role
Remote work: allowing employees to work from home

Question 26

In what ways can you motivate through pay structure? (2)

Answer 26

Base numeration: Perception of competitive pay lead to higher morale and productivity
Variable Pay: Part of the renumeration is based on individual or corporate performance

Question 27

In what ways can you motivate through employee involvement? (2)

Answer 27

Participative management: Subordinates share decision-making with superior
Representative participation: Employees participate in decision-making through a group of representatives

Question 28

Slide 47