Motivation

Question 1

Process underlying motivation

Answer 1

Dual model:

Stimulus-driven;
- Fast and unconscious (system 1)
- Compulsive in addiction

Goal-driven
- Slow and conscious (system 2)
- Goal-directed

Can be either A: excitation or B: inhibition

Question 2

Incentive motivation

Answer 2

Motivation triggered by:
- Particular incentives, eg food, drugs or sex
- Cues associated with incentives, eg classically conditioned smells
- Internal representations of incentives (memory)

Question 3

Response bias

Answer 3

Addicted people tend to be biased towards cues related to their addiction. stimulus driven control unconsciously directs the indivu towards the target of their addiction before it comes into awareness. It explains the ‘wanting’ of box A

Question 4

Brain areas

Answer 4

The dopaminergic pathway is at play here: the vmPFC, amygdala and anterior insula.

The VTA fires to the NAcc. The ventral striatum fired more in addicted men when shown cues that predicted reward. Not the reward itself (wanting, not liking)

Question 5

Tug-of-war principle

Answer 5

Its the war between inhibition and excitation. Trying to control stimulus driven behaviour by thinking of the goal. Eg when resisting temptation (Box A vs box D) or when eating bad food to please the host (Box B vs box C)

Question 6

Sexual inhibition

Answer 6

2 types:
- Fear of performance failure (Box B, stimulus is inhibiting)
- Fear of performance consequence (box D, goal is inhibiting)

Question 7

Dynamic control

Answer 7

The 2 control models are very interactive, it’s like a scale with either on each side. When it tips to the stimulus even though the goal is to resist, it can lead to cognitive distortion: “just this one time” or “this time won’t matter”