Moral Development

Question 1

What is morality commonly defined as?

1) The distinction between logical and emotional decisions
2) Understanding the difference between right and wrong
3) Following societal rules and norms
4) Reasoning about legal consequences

Answer 1

Understanding the difference between right and wrong

Question 2

What is the primary focus of Piaget’s theory of moral development?

1) Moral reasoning based on emotional responses
2) The transition from moral realism to moral subjectivism
3) The importance of rewards and punishments in moral reasoning
4) The role of cultural norms in shaping morality

Answer 2

The transition from moral realism to moral subjectivism

Question 3

What characterizes moral realism in Piaget’s theory?

1) Judging actions based on intentions
2) Judging actions based on outcomes or damage
3) Considering societal norms in decision-making
4) Recognizing multiple perspectives

Answer 3

Judging actions based on outcomes or damage

Question 4

What is a key characteristic of Kohlberg’s pre-conventional morality?

1) Moral reasoning based on rewards and punishments
2) Adherence to societal rules and authority
3) Consideration of broader ethical principles
4) Balancing multiple perspectives in moral dilemmas

Answer 4

Moral reasoning based on rewards and punishments

Question 5

What distinguishes Kohlberg’s post-conventional morality?

1) Focus on obeying rules to avoid punishment
2) Moral reasoning based on universal ethical principles
3) Adherence to authority and societal expectations
4) Evaluating morality through selfish vs selfless actions

Answer 5

Moral reasoning based on universal ethical principles

Question 6

What did Kohlberg use to study moral reasoning?

1) Real-life case studies
2) Hypothetical moral dilemmas, like the Heinz dilemma
3) Observational studies of children’s behaviour
4) Longitudinal studies on moral development

Answer 6

Hypothetical moral dilemmas, like the Heinz dilemma

Question 7

What behaviour did infants prefer in the habituation experiments?

1) The neutral character
2) Helpers over hinderers
3) Hinderers over neutral characters
4) Characters who avoided conflict

Answer 7

Helpers over hinderers

Question 8

At what age do toddlers begin engaging in helping behaviours?

1) 6 months
2) 10 months
3) 18 months
4) 24 months

Answer 8

18 months

Question 9

What explanation is proposed for why sharing develops later than helping?

1) Sharing requires more reasoned thought than helping
2) Sharing is less costly than helping
3) Helping behaviours rely on societal norms
4) Children lack the physical ability to share until later

Answer 9

Sharing requires more reasoned thought than helping

Question 10

What is the genetic contribution to antisocial behaviour based on meta-analysis?

1) 10%
2) 32%
3) 43%
4) 60%

Answer 10

32%

Question 11

What environmental factor strongly influences antisocial behaviour?

1) Genetics and diet
2) Parenting style and peer influence
3) Television exposure and socioeconomic status
4) School environment and diet

Answer 11

Parenting style and peer influence

Question 12

What did longitudinal studies find about violent TV and aggression?

1) Watching violent TV at age 8 had no long-term effects
2) Early exposure to violent TV correlated with aggression and antisocial behaviours later in life
3) Children who watched violent TV became less aggressive over time
4) Violent TV exposure affected aggression only in early adolescence

Answer 12

Early exposure to violent TV correlated with aggression and antisocial behaviours later in life

Question 13

What did Lieberman & Barron (1972) conclude about TV and aggression?

1) Violent TV desensitized children to aggression
2) Children exposed to violent TV exhibited more aggression in play
3) Non-violent TV reduced aggression in children
4) Watching TV had no measurable impact on aggression

Answer 13

Children exposed to violent TV exhibited more aggression in play

Question 14

What does social learning theory propose about aggression?

1) Aggression is innate and cannot be influenced by external factors
2) Aggression is learned through imitation of observed behaviours
3) Aggression decreases with exposure to violent media
4) Genetic predispositions are the primary determinant of aggression

Answer 14

Aggression is learned through imitation of observed behaviours

Question 15

What is a limitation of Piaget’s and Kohlberg’s theories of moral development?

1) They overemphasize prosocial behaviours in children
2) They fail to account for early-developing moral intuitions
3) They overestimate the role of cultural influences
4) They do not address antisocial behaviours

Answer 15

They fail to account for early-developing moral intuitions

Question 16

What did Patterson et al. (1992) identify as a factor in antisocial behaviour?

1) Peer influence
2) Coercive cycles in parenting
3) Violent media exposure
4) Economic disadvantage

Answer 16

Coercive cycles in parenting

Question 17

What did Thomas et al. (1977) find about desensitization to violence?

1) Violent TV had no impact on children’s emotional responses
2) Children who watched violent TV responded less emotionally to staged fights
3) Desensitization only occurred in children over age 10
4) Non-violent TV increased emotional responses to aggression

Answer 17

Children who watched violent TV responded less emotionally to staged fights

Question 18

What did Kohlberg’s moral dilemmas aim to examine?

1) How children distinguish between right and wrong actions
2) Whether children would engage in helping behaviours
3) Children’s preference for prosocial over antisocial actions
4) The role of emotional responses in moral decisions

Answer 18

How children distinguish between right and wrong actions

Question 19

What does research suggest about infants’ understanding of morality?

1) Infants evaluate prosocial and antisocial behaviours before engaging in them
2) Infants do not display preferences for prosocial actions until toddlerhood
3) Infants rely solely on reasoned thought in evaluating actions
4) Infants prefer antisocial behaviours in neutral contexts

Answer 19

Infants evaluate prosocial and antisocial behaviours before engaging in them

Question 20

What did Blake et al. (2015) find about fairness in sharing?

1) Children always adhere to fairness norms by age 3
2) Young children understand fairness but do not adhere to it until later
3) Sharing behaviours are fully developed by age 5
4) Fairness norms are not influenced by reasoning or intuition

Answer 20

Young children understand fairness but do not adhere to it until later