Adolescent Development 2

Question 1

What did Somerville et al. (2013) find about adolescent self-consciousness?

1) Adolescents experience lower embarrassment compared to adults
2) Adolescents show greater physiological responses when being observed
3) Adolescents display less brain activation in social cognition areas
4) Adolescents’ self-consciousness is similar to that of children

Answer 1

Adolescents show greater physiological responses when being observed

Question 2

Which brain region is associated with heightened self-consciousness in adolescents?

1) Amygdala
2) Prefrontal cortex
3) Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)
4) Limbic system

Answer 2

Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)

Question 3

What did Weil et al. (2013) discover about metacognitive ability in adolescents?

1) It decreases with age
2) Females perform worse than males
3) It improves with age and correlates with self-awareness
4) It is independent of age and gender differences

Answer 3

It improves with age and correlates with self-awareness

Question 4

What are the two dimensions of the personal fable according to Alberts et al. (2007)?

1) Imaginary audience and invulnerability
2) Invulnerability and speciality
3) Egocentrism and invincibility
4) Self-consciousness and speciality

Answer 4

Invulnerability and speciality

Question 5

What did Alberts et al. (2007) find about gender differences in the personal fable?

1) Males scored higher in invulnerability than females
2) Females scored higher in speciality than males
3) Gender differences were not significant
4) Males scored lower than females in both dimensions

Answer 5

Males scored higher in invulnerability than females

Question 6

What is the “new look” model of the imaginary audience?

1) It is outdated and irrelevant to adolescent development
2) It is a coping mechanism for dealing with individuation stress
3) It highlights gender differences in social pressures
4) It focuses exclusively on risk-taking behaviours

Answer 6

It is a coping mechanism for dealing with individuation stress

Question 7

What did Knoll et al. (2015) find about social influence on adolescents?

1) Adolescents are influenced more by adults’ risk ratings
2) Adolescents are equally influenced by peer and adult ratings
3) Adolescents are more influenced by peer ratings than adults
4) Adolescents ignore social influence in risk scenarios

Answer 7

Adolescents are more influenced by peer ratings than adults

Question 8

What was observed in Gardner and Steinberg’s (2005) driving simulation task?

1) Adolescents took fewer risks when alone
2) Peer presence increased risk-taking in adolescents
3) Adults showed no difference in risk-taking with peers
4) Adolescents and adults were equally influenced by peers

Answer 8

Peer presence increased risk-taking in adolescents

Question 9

What is the primary function of the limbic system in adolescence?

1) Planning and decision-making
2) Memory, emotion, and reward sensitivity
3) Inhibitory control and executive functioning
4) Sensory processing and motor control

Answer 9

Memory, emotion, and reward sensitivity

Question 10

According to the dual-system model, what contributes to adolescent risk-taking?

1) Fully developed prefrontal cortex
2) Hypersensitive limbic system and delayed prefrontal development
3) Increased inhibitory control
4) Over-reliance on adult feedback

Answer 10

Hypersensitive limbic system and delayed prefrontal development

Question 11

What did Bell & Bromnick (2003) critique about the imaginary audience theory?

1) It does not account for individual differences in self-awareness
2) It is inaccurate in explaining adolescent egocentrism
3) It fails to consider that the imaginary audience may be real
4) It overemphasizes the role of social pressure

Answer 11

It fails to consider that the imaginary audience may be real

Question 12

What aspect of brain development influences adolescent behaviour according to Steinberg (2010)?

1) Early maturation of the prefrontal cortex
2) Simultaneous development of limbic and prefrontal systems
3) Later maturation of the prefrontal cortex compared to the limbic system
4) Complete reliance on the limbic system for decision-making

Answer 12

Later maturation of the prefrontal cortex compared to the limbic system

Question 13

What finding supports the hypersensitivity of the adolescent limbic system?

1) Adolescents have the lowest sensitivity to rewards
2) Adolescents focus more on potential negative consequences
3) Adolescents exhibit heightened emotional responses
4) Adolescents prioritize logical reasoning over emotional stimuli

Answer 13

Adolescents exhibit heightened emotional responses

Question 14

What is a limitation of the dual-system model of adolescent development?

1) It overemphasizes prefrontal cortex development
2) It is too simplistic and doesn’t align with all findings
3) It excludes social and environmental factors
4) It only applies to childhood development

Answer 14

It is too simplistic and doesn’t align with all findings

Question 15

What role does peer influence play in adolescent risk-taking?

1) It decreases risk-taking in group settings
2) It has no impact on decision-making processes
3) It increases risk-taking, especially in hot contexts
4) It influences adults more than adolescents

Answer 15

It increases risk-taking, especially in hot contexts

Question 16

What is a significant outcome of high sensitivity to reward in adolescents?

1) Greater ability to delay gratification
2) Decreased likelihood of engaging in risky behaviours
3) Overshadowing of potential negative consequences
4) Enhanced inhibitory control during decision-making

Answer 16

Overshadowing of potential negative consequences

Question 17

How do children’s risk perceptions differ from adolescents’ according to Knoll et al. (2015)?

1) Children rate risks as less dangerous than adolescents
2) Children rate risks higher but are less influenced by social feedback
3) Children rate risks higher and are influenced more by adults’ opinions
4) Children rate risks similarly to adolescents but ignore feedback

Answer 17

Children rate risks higher and are influenced more by adults’ opinions

Question 18

What did Gardner and Steinberg (2005) find about adolescents in peer vs. alone conditions?

1) Adolescents performed better alone than with peers
2) Adolescents showed no difference in risk-taking across conditions
3) Adolescents took more risks in the presence of peers
4) Adolescents took fewer risks in the presence of peers

Answer 18

Adolescents took more risks in the presence of peers

Question 19

Why are adolescents more likely to take risks compared to adults?

1) Stronger inhibitory control
2) Hypersensitive limbic system and peer influence
3) Fully developed prefrontal cortex
4) Greater ability to predict long-term consequences

Answer 19

Hypersensitive limbic system and peer influence

Question 20

What did Alberts et al. (2007) find about the correlation between personal fable and risk-taking?

1) No correlation exists
2) Personal fable decreases risk-taking behaviour
3) Higher personal fable scores correlate with increased risk-taking
4) Personal fable is unrelated to adolescence

Answer 20

Higher personal fable scores correlate with increased risk-taking