Development Across Cultures

Question 1

What is a common assumption in developmental psychology about the timeline of development?

1) It is variable and influenced by cultural factors
2) It is universal and follows a specific procedure
3) It is determined solely by biological maturation
4) It is inconsistent and dependent on external factors

Answer 1

It is universal and follows a specific procedure

Question 2

What does ethnocentrism mean in the context of developmental psychology?

1) Using standardized methods across all cultures
2) Evaluating cultures based on one’s own cultural standards
3) Understanding cultural differences in development
4) Applying culturally neutral research tools

Answer 2

Evaluating cultures based on one’s own cultural standards

Question 3

What was Bronfenbrenner’s critique of developmental psychology methods?

1) They focus too much on parental influence
2) They ignore cultural norms in caregiving practices
3) They involve studying children in unnatural situations
4) They fail to consider cognitive development in adults

Answer 3

They involve studying children in unnatural situations

Question 4

What is high-fidelity imitation in cultural learning?

1) Copying only necessary actions to solve a task
2) Unwittingly imitating another’s behaviour
3) Copying actions, even when they are causally unnecessary
4) Learning to perform an act through observation

Answer 4

Copying actions, even when they are causally unnecessary

Question 5

What does over-imitation suggest about cultural learning in children?

1) It prioritizes physical causality over social conventions
2) It indicates the need to focus on efficiency
3) Social conventions can outweigh physical causality
4) Children are incapable of distinguishing necessary actions

Answer 5

Social conventions can outweigh physical causality

Question 6

What did Horner and Whiten (2004) observe about chimpanzees and children?

1) Both species copy unnecessary actions equally
2) Chimpanzees copy unnecessary actions only in opaque conditions
3) Children copy unnecessary actions only in transparent conditions
4) Both species avoid copying unnecessary actions

Answer 6

Chimpanzees copy unnecessary actions only in opaque conditions

Question 7

What cultural phenomenon did Whiten et al. (2016) identify in over-imitation?

1) It is limited to Western cultures
2) It occurs only in industrialized societies
3) It is a global phenomenon observed across various cultures
4) It is unique to children from extended family structures

Answer 7

It is a global phenomenon observed across various cultures

Question 8

What is a key finding from Rochat et al. (2014) on ownership reasoning?

1) Ownership reasoning develops universally by age 2
2) Ownership reasoning reflects cultural and socio-economic values
3) Ownership reasoning is influenced only by familiarity with objects
4) Ownership reasoning is unaffected by cultural norms

Answer 8

Ownership reasoning reflects cultural and socio-economic values

Question 9

What did Rochat et al. (2014) find about children in the creation condition?

1) They consistently attributed ownership by age 3
2) They assigned ownership based on socio-economic status
3) They attributed ownership to the creator across all cultures
4) They showed no consistent patterns of ownership reasoning

Answer 9

They attributed ownership to the creator across all cultures

Question 10

How do children in the USA and China differ in ownership reasoning?

1) They assign ownership equally to all conditions
2) They are more likely to assign ownership to the rich puppet
3) They are more likely to assign ownership to the poor puppet
4) They focus exclusively on first-contact conditions

Answer 10

They are more likely to assign ownership to the poor puppet

Question 11

What drives differences in children’s sharing behaviours according to Weltzien et al. (2019)?

1) Country-level cultural norms
2) Family-level variables such as structure and upbringing
3) Peer influence on resource allocation
4) Universal developmental stages

Answer 11

Family-level variables such as structure and upbringing

Question 12

What is the impact of independence priming in sharing tasks?

1) It increases prosocial behaviours in children from extended families
2) It reduces selfish behaviours in all children
3) It makes children more likely to choose selfish resource allocations
4) It has no impact on children’s sharing decisions

Answer 12

It makes children more likely to choose selfish resource allocations

Question 13

What conclusion did Blake et al. (2015) draw about fairness norms?

1) All children reject unfair offers regardless of cultural context
2) Older children in some cultures reject offers that disadvantage themselves
3) Fairness norms are universal and unaffected by socio-economic factors
4) Children from all cultures reject unfair offers equally

Answer 13

Older children in some cultures reject offers that disadvantage themselves

Question 14

What cultural trend was observed in Mexican children’s fairness norms?

1) They reject unfair offers that disadvantage themselves
2) They reject offers that advantage themselves
3) They are less likely to reject unfair offers that advantage them
4) They are equally likely to reject all types of unfair offers

Answer 14

They are less likely to reject unfair offers that advantage them

Question 15

What does Weltzien et al. (2019) suggest about interdependence priming?

1) It increases prosocial behaviour in all children
2) It only works in children from nuclear families
3) It has a stronger effect on children from extended families
4) It has no significant impact on resource allocation

Answer 15

It has a stronger effect on children from extended families

Question 16

What does the concept of ‘norms’ around sharing highlight?

1) Universality of fairness across all cultures
2) The influence of cultural and familial structures on resource allocation
3) Children’s innate sense of equality
4) The irrelevance of cultural context in developmental psychology

Answer 16

The influence of cultural and familial structures on resource allocation

Question 17

What is a criticism of traditional developmental psychology methods?

1) They are too focused on cultural variability
2) They fail to account for the universal timeline of development
3) They rely heavily on participants from WEIRD societies
4) They emphasize socio-economic factors over individual differences

Answer 17

They rely heavily on participants from WEIRD societies

Question 18

How does over-imitation contribute to cultural maintenance?

1) By encouraging critical thinking in problem-solving
2) By ensuring the efficiency of task completion
3) By promoting adherence to social conventions and norms
4) By reducing the influence of social selectivity

Answer 18

By promoting adherence to social conventions and norms

Question 19

What role does family structure play in sharing behaviour?

1) Children from nuclear families are more likely to share resources
2) Extended families influence prosocial behaviours more than cultural norms
3) Sharing behaviours are unaffected by family dynamics
4) Nuclear families encourage fairness norms universally

Answer 19

Extended families influence prosocial behaviours more than cultural norms

Question 20

What does the concept of high-fidelity imitation suggest about children’s learning?

1) Children prioritize efficiency over accuracy in cultural learning
2) Children mimic behaviours only when they are socially significant
3) Children imitate actions even when they appear unnecessary
4) Children imitate only familiar actions performed by peers

Answer 20

Children imitate actions even when they appear unnecessary