Developmental Differences

Question 1

What are developmental differences?

1) Variations in typical development that are transient
2) Divergences from typical development that may be lifelong
3) Genetic abnormalities present in adulthood
4) Environmental factors affecting motor skills

Answer 1

Divergences from typical development that may be lifelong

Question 2

What is a common cause of developmental differences like Down syndrome and Fragile X syndrome?

1) Purely environmental factors
2) Random genetic mutations or inheritance
3) Adverse early childhood experiences
4) Unknown neurological mechanisms

Answer 2

Random genetic mutations or inheritance

Question 3

Which condition is caused purely by environmental factors?

1) Autism spectrum disorder
2) Cerebral palsy
3) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
4) Developmental dyslexia

Answer 3

Cerebral palsy

Question 4

What diagnostic process is typically followed for developmental differences?

1) Initial assessment by a clinical psychologist
2) Referral from a GP to specialist assessment services
3) Diagnosis solely through parent-completed questionnaires
4) Observation by educators in classroom settings

Answer 4

Referral from a GP to specialist assessment services

Question 5

What are the hallmark characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

1) Attention difficulties and impulsivity
2) Social interaction, communication differences, and repetitive behaviours
3) Language difficulties and lack of motor coordination
4) Emotional regulation and delayed gratification issues

Answer 5

Social interaction, communication differences, and repetitive behaviours

Question 6

What percentage of autistic individuals are nonverbal?

1) 20%
2) 40%
3) 60%
4) 80%

Answer 6

40%

Question 7

What does the theory of mind hypothesis propose about autism?

1) It explains non-social perceptual strengths in autism
2) Autistic individuals have difficulty understanding others’ mental states
3) Delayed gratification underpins social difficulties in autism
4) Autistic individuals struggle with executive functioning

Answer 7

Autistic individuals have difficulty understanding others’ mental states

Question 8

What is a key feature of the weak central coherence theory of autism?

1) Difficulty understanding abstract concepts
2) Enhanced attention to detail and perceptual strengths
3) Impaired communication and language skills
4) Difficulty with delayed gratification and reward sensitivity

Answer 8

Enhanced attention to detail and perceptual strengths

Question 9

What is ADHD characterized by?

1) Social interaction difficulties and repetitive behaviours
2) Hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity
3) Language deficits and difficulty discriminating sounds
4) Reading and spelling difficulties

Answer 9

Hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity

Question 10

Which theory of ADHD focuses on differences in executive functioning?

1) Barkley (1997)
2) Sonuga-Barke (2005)
3) Frith (1989)
4) Baron-Cohen (1985)

Answer 10

Barkley (1997)

Question 11

What does Sonuga-Barke’s (2005) theory of ADHD emphasize?

1) Deficits in social interaction
2) Differences in reward sensitivity and delayed gratification
3) Impaired perceptual strengths and attention to detail
4) Language processing deficits

Answer 11

Differences in reward sensitivity and delayed gratification

Question 12

What characterizes developmental dyslexia?

1) Difficulties with abstract reasoning and delayed gratification
2) Struggles with reading and spelling unrelated to general ability
3) Problems with social interaction and repetitive behaviours
4) Impaired executive functioning and attention

Answer 12

Struggles with reading and spelling unrelated to general ability

Question 13

Which languages are more likely to result in dyslexia due to their transparency?

1) Non-transparent languages like Japanese
2) Transparent languages like Italian and Japanese
3) Non-transparent languages like English
4) Transparent languages like English

Answer 13

Non-transparent languages like English

Question 14

What is the prevalence of ADHD in children?

1) 1 in 10
2) 8 in 100
3) 7 in 100
4) 1 in 44

Answer 14

8 in 100

Question 15

What does the neurodiversity movement advocate?

1) Viewing neurological differences as disabilities requiring treatment
2) Celebrating neurological differences as human variation
3) Searching for cures for developmental differences
4) Emphasizing the importance of environmental factors

Answer 15

Celebrating neurological differences as human variation

Question 16

What is the prevalence of language disorders in children?

1) 1 in 44
2) 8 in 100
3) 7 in 100
4) 10 in 100

Answer 16

7 in 100

Question 17

What brain regions are implicated in language disorders?

1) Medial prefrontal cortex and limbic system
2) Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
3) Visual cortex and motor cortex
4) Amygdala and hypothalamus

Answer 17

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

Question 18

What theory explains the perceptual strengths seen in autism?

1) Weak central coherence theory
2) Theory of mind hypothesis
3) Executive functioning theory
4) Reward sensitivity hypothesis

Answer 18

Weak central coherence theory

Question 19

What environmental factor has been linked to ADHD?

1) High heritability estimates
2) Diet, according to McCann et al. (2007)
3) Weak central coherence theory
4) Social interaction difficulties

Answer 19

Diet, according to McCann et al. (2007)

Question 20

How does the social model of disability view developmental differences?

1) As medical conditions requiring treatment
2) As socially constructed barriers limiting individuals
3) As inherent deficits in cognitive abilities
4) As entirely genetic in origin

Answer 20

As socially constructed barriers limiting individuals