mood disorders Flashcards
mood disturbance
too down (depression) too up (mania) too labile (unstable)
anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure from things that were previously pleasurable
manic episode
distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood AND increased activity/energy
hypomanic vs. manic episode
same mood criterion with manic symptoms that have a clear effect on functioning, but are not severe
unipolar biological factors
- genetics
- low serotonin and norepinephrine activity
- endocrine system hormones
- brain circuit
unipolar biological treatment
- MAO inhibitors
- tricyclics
- SSRIs
- brain stimulation
tricyclics
enhance brain circuit functioning
MAO inhibitors
block MAO from breaking down serotonin/norepinephrine
SSRIs
selectively affects reuptake of serotonin
unipolar psychodynamic factors
- loss & proximity of loss
- dependent personalities (fixated at oral stage) more susceptible
unipolar psychodynamic treatment
bring issues of loss and dependence to consciousness
unipolar behavioral factors
not enough positive reinforcement leads to depression, especially social reinforcement
unipolar behavioral treatment
- increase pleasurable activities
- reinforce positive behaviors
- improve social skills
Beck’s Theory of Negative Thinking
maladaptive schemas developed as children leads to negative automatic thoughts, centered around the self, world, and future
Rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema)
repetitively focusing on depressed feelings/symptoms, its causes and consequences, which interferes with problem solving
Learned helplessness (Seligman)
think we do not have control over rewards/punishments
ex. dog shocking experiment
Helplessness Theory (Abramson)
more likely to attribute reasons for negative events to be internal, stable, and global
Hopelessness Theory
all types of negative attributions exacerbated by stressors, which leads to hopelessness = cause of depression
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
- increase activities, elevate mood
- challenge negative automatic thoughts
- identify negative thinking and biases
- change primary attitudes
unipolar sociocultural/interpersonal factors
excessive reassurance seeking leads to withdrawal of support (self-fulfilling prophecy)
unipolar sociocultural treatment
interpersonal psychotherapy: solve interpersonal issues that contribute to development and maintenance of depression
interpersonal issues
- grief
- interpersonal role disputes
- role transitions
- interpersonal deficits
best unipolar depression treatment
combo of CBT/IPTIP + meds (SSRIs)
bipolar I
alternation of manic episodes and depressive episodes
bipolar II
hypomanic and depressive episodes, with no manic episodes
bipolar gender distribution
relatively equal, but women have more depressive episodes and more rapid cycling
cyclothymic disorder
chronic but less severe fluctuating mood with hypomanic/depressive symptoms but NO mania, hypomania or depressive episodes
bipolar biological factors
- neurotransmitter levels
- disregulated ion activity
- brain structure
- genetics
neurotransmitter levels in bipolar disorder
low serotonin + fluctuating norepinephrine (low = depression, high = mania)
ion activity in bipolar disorder
irregularity in ion activity leads neurons to fire too much or too little
bipolar treatment
- mood stabilizers
- adjunctive psychotherapy
bipolar medications
- lithium
- antiseizure drugs (Depakote & Tegretol)
- atypical antipsychotic drugs
adjunctive psychotherapy
- psychoeducation
- increase medication compliance
- decrease triggers of episodes
