mood disorders

Question 1

mood disturbance

Answer 1

too down (depression)
too up (mania)
too labile (unstable)

Question 2

anhedonia

Answer 2

inability to experience pleasure from things that were previously pleasurable

Question 3

manic episode

Answer 3

distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood AND increased activity/energy

Question 4

hypomanic vs. manic episode

Answer 4

same mood criterion with manic symptoms that have a clear effect on functioning, but are not severe

Question 5

unipolar biological factors

Answer 5

• genetics
• low serotonin and norepinephrine activity
• endocrine system hormones
• brain circuit

Question 6

unipolar biological treatment

Answer 6

• MAO inhibitors
• tricyclics
• SSRIs
• brain stimulation

Question 7

tricyclics

Answer 7

enhance brain circuit functioning

Question 8

MAO inhibitors

Answer 8

block MAO from breaking down serotonin/norepinephrine

Question 9

SSRIs

Answer 9

selectively affects reuptake of serotonin

Question 10

unipolar psychodynamic factors

Answer 10

• loss & proximity of loss

- dependent personalities (fixated at oral stage) more susceptible

Question 11

unipolar psychodynamic treatment

Answer 11

bring issues of loss and dependence to consciousness

Question 12

unipolar behavioral factors

Answer 12

not enough positive reinforcement leads to depression, especially social reinforcement

Question 13

unipolar behavioral treatment

Answer 13

• increase pleasurable activities
• reinforce positive behaviors
• improve social skills

Question 14

Beck’s Theory of Negative Thinking

Answer 14

maladaptive schemas developed as children leads to negative automatic thoughts, centered around the self, world, and future

Question 15

Rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema)

Answer 15

repetitively focusing on depressed feelings/symptoms, its causes and consequences, which interferes with problem solving

Question 16

Learned helplessness (Seligman)

Answer 16

think we do not have control over rewards/punishments

ex. dog shocking experiment

Question 17

Helplessness Theory (Abramson)

Answer 17

more likely to attribute reasons for negative events to be internal, stable, and global

Question 18

Hopelessness Theory

Answer 18

all types of negative attributions exacerbated by stressors, which leads to hopelessness = cause of depression

Question 19

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

Answer 19

1. increase activities, elevate mood
2. challenge negative automatic thoughts
3. identify negative thinking and biases
4. change primary attitudes

Question 20

unipolar sociocultural/interpersonal factors

Answer 20

excessive reassurance seeking leads to withdrawal of support (self-fulfilling prophecy)

Question 21

unipolar sociocultural treatment

Answer 21

interpersonal psychotherapy: solve interpersonal issues that contribute to development and maintenance of depression

Question 22

interpersonal issues

Answer 22

• grief
• interpersonal role disputes
• role transitions
• interpersonal deficits

Question 23

best unipolar depression treatment

Answer 23

combo of CBT/IPTIP + meds (SSRIs)

Question 24

bipolar I

Answer 24

alternation of manic episodes and depressive episodes

Question 25

bipolar II

Answer 25

hypomanic and depressive episodes, with no manic episodes

Question 26

bipolar gender distribution

Answer 26

relatively equal, but women have more depressive episodes and more rapid cycling

Question 27

cyclothymic disorder

Answer 27

chronic but less severe fluctuating mood with hypomanic/depressive symptoms but NO mania, hypomania or depressive episodes

Question 28

bipolar biological factors

Answer 28

• neurotransmitter levels
• disregulated ion activity
• brain structure
• genetics

Question 29

neurotransmitter levels in bipolar disorder

Answer 29

low serotonin + fluctuating norepinephrine (low = depression, high = mania)

Question 30

ion activity in bipolar disorder

Answer 30

irregularity in ion activity leads neurons to fire too much or too little

Question 31

bipolar treatment

Answer 31

• mood stabilizers

- adjunctive psychotherapy

Question 32

bipolar medications

Answer 32

• lithium
• antiseizure drugs (Depakote & Tegretol)
• atypical antipsychotic drugs

Question 33

adjunctive psychotherapy

Answer 33

• psychoeducation
• increase medication compliance
• decrease triggers of episodes