assessment, diagnosis, treatment Flashcards
personality inventories
tests designed to measure broad personality characteristics, with a focus on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings
MMPI-II
- most widely used personality test
- generates profile to compare to normative sample and other psychiatric patients
- has validity scale
response inventories
- measures response in one area of functioning
- usually self-reported
- based on theoretical orientation of therapist
psychophysiological tests
measures physiological responses
neurological tests
directly assesses brain function
EEG
electrodes on scalp measures electrical activity
PET scans
radioactive tracer that binds to blood/oxygen/glucose to show which part of brain is active
CAT scans
x-ray slices of brain structure
fMRI
magnetically images brain structure to assess how the brain changes overtime
neuropsychological tests
indirectly assesses brain function by assessing cognitive, perceptual, and motor functioning
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
example of neuropsychological test, assesses visual-motor functioning by way of replicating simple line drawings
assessment
systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder
diagnosis
determine if patient’s symptoms match a known disorder
treatment
change abnormal behavior into normal behavior
standardization
used in the same way across the board, with a reference group to know what’s typical in the normal or clinical population
reliability
yields the same result in the same situations
test-retest reliability
measure of consistency of results when test is repeated on same sample at different point in time
inter-rater reliability
measure of agreement among independent judges assessing the same test
validity
extent to which the test measures what it is supposed to measure, corresponds accurately to the real world
face validity
extent to which a test looks to be measuring what it is supposed to measure
predictive validity
extent to which a test accurately predicts future outcomes
concurrent validity
extent to which a test agrees with other assessments
clinical interview
gather detailed information about personal history, symptoms, circumstances as viewed by the client
unstructured interview
uses open-ended questions
structured interview
uses pre-set questions (ex. mental status exam to assess general functioning)
clinical observations
systematic observation of behavior
naturalistic observation
takes place in client’s natural environment
analog observation
set up clinical environment that resembles natural environment
self-monitoring
client tracks their own behavior
clinical tests
gather info about limited aspect of psychological functioning
projectives
require that subjects interpret vague and ambiguous stimuli or follow open-ended questions to infer unconscious processes or personality traits
examples of projectives
- Rorschach Test
- Thematic Apperception Test
- Sentence-Completion
- Draw-a-Person
DSM-5
system of classifying psychological disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association
criticisms of DSM-5
- categorical system instead of dimensional system
- high rates of comorbidity
- misdiagnosis issues
- requires use of labels
- cultural limitations
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
focuses on biological basis for mental illness
Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)
focuses on mental health problems as a continuum, structures symptoms/syndromes into hierarchy
clinical interview strengths
able to gain wide range of information about individual patient
clinical interview weaknesses
low reliability and validity (bias)
projectives strengths
useful in hypothesis generation
projectives weaknesses
low reliability and validity
biased against minorities
personality inventory strengths
standardized and objective
personality inventory weaknesses
no accurate definition of personality, so validity is unknown
dependent on mood states
prone to cultural differences
response inventory strengths
strong face validity due to specificity
response inventory weaknesses
inaccurate self-reporting
not all tests are standardized, valid, or reliable
neuro test strengths
high reliability, validity, and standardization
neuro test weaknesses
usually requires many tests to be used together (a battery)
intelligence test strengths
high reliability, validity, and standardization
intelligence test weaknesses
usually an indirect measure of intelligence
can be influenced by other factors
naturalistic/analog observation strengths
be able to see things in action
less prone to bias as outside observer
naturalistic/analog observation weaknesses
often poor validity and reliability
self-monitoring observation strengths
gain access to client’s infrequent behaviors and private thoughts
self-monitoring observation weaknesses
often requires training
sometimes inaccurate due to bias
can inadvertently change behavior being measured
