models Flashcards
biological model
examine biological basis for thoughts, behaviors and emotions
what causes dysfunction according to the biological model?
brain dysfunction due to brain anatomy, chemistry and circuitry, or peripheral physical illness
what are the sources of abnormality according to the biological model?
- genetics
- diathesis-stress model
- viral infections
epigenetics
underlying vulnerabilities and inherited tendencies to develop certain characteristics upon interaction with environmental stressors
biological treatments
- psychotropic medication
- brain stimulation
- neurosurgery
evaluation of biological model
- strong research support
- meds have side effects
- ignores other possible influences besides biology
psychodynamic model
behavior, thoughts and emotions are driven by unconscious psychological forces
what causes dysfunction according to the psychodynamic model?
- early experiences
- conflicts between forces and drives
- problems with defense mechanisms
- fixation (stuck in developmental stage)
defense mechanisms
- repression
- denial
- projection
- reaction formation
- displacement
- regression
- sublimation
- rationalization
- intellectualization
repression
move out of consciousness, typically in response to internal threats
denial
refuse to accept truth of reality or acknowledge external source of distress, typically in response to external threats
projection
projecting one’s own insecurities and distress onto others
reaction formation
crusade against internal urges that they have trouble controlling themselves
displacement
displace negative emotions from one object to something else
regression
revert back to childlike emotional states
sublimation
convert unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behaviors
rationalization
come up with socially acceptable reasons for unacceptable failures
intellectualization
neutralize unpleasant feelings by creating emotional detachment to it
psychodynamic therapy techniques
- free association
- interpretations (resistance, transference)
- catharsis
- dream analysis
behavioral model
behavior is shaped by experiences
what causes dysfunction according to the behavioral model?
operant and classical conditioning produces behaviors that are maladaptive
operant conditioning
reinforcements/rewards shape behavior, punishments decrease likelihood of behavior
positive = adding stimulus
negative = removing stimulus
modeling
learn by observing others’ behavior and imitating it if it results in a positive consequence
classical conditioning
two events that occur closely together are associated, reacting to one as if the other were happening
extinction
gradual weakening of conditioned response to results in behavior disappearing entirely
cognitive model
assumptions, attitudes, and interpretations of events influence people’s perceptions and conclusions
what causes dysfunction according to the cognitive model?
maladaptive cognitive patterns lead to misinterpretations of events, distress, or other maladaptive behaviors
humanists believe…
people are driven to self actualize (fulfill natural tendency to be friendly & experience personal growth)
existentialists believe…
people must have authentic lives to function well
what causes dysfunction according to the humanist model?
if one does not self-actualize or pursue self-satisfying goals, attributed to self-regard that is especially influenced by parents
Roger’s client-centered therapy
unconditional supportive environment to help clients view themselves honestly and accept self
Gestalt therapy
guide clients to self-recognition and self-acceptance through skillful frustration and roleplaying
what causes dysfunction according to the existential model?
being inauthentic, and failing to realize responsibility that gives life meaning
existentialist therapy
focus on therapist-client relationship, help client reflect on life and choose to live more meaningfully
evaluation of behavioral model
good empirical evidence for treatment
unclear whether symptoms are truly acquired from conditioning/modeling
leaves out cognitive aspect (anticipation and interpretation of situations)
evaluation of humanistic-existential model
broadly appealing, focuses on areas missing in other models
