Mood (affective disorders) Flashcards
Mood Disorders
psychological disorders whose core conditions involve maladaptive mood states, such as depression or mania
Mania
Excessive excitement
•a state of intense emotional and behavioural excitement in which a person feels very optimistic and energized
• Mood is euphoric and cognitions are grandiose
Mood disorders have a high comorbidity with what?
Anxiety
High comorbidity = co-occurence
- At any given point _____ to _____% of university grades are experiencing mild depression
- 10% of people over the age of 18 will suffer from major depression in their lifetimes
25%–30%
What is the difference between clinical depression and mild depression?
In clinical depression, the frequency, intensity and duration of depressive symptoms are out of proportion to the person’s life situation
Major Depression
a mood disorder characterized by intense depression that interferes markedly with functioning
Dysthymia
a depressive mood disorder of moderate intensity that occurs over a long period of time but does not disrupt functioning as a major depression does
•AKA chronic depressive disorder
•More chronic and long lasting misery
What are 4 types of symptoms in depression?
- Emotional symptoms
- cognitive symptoms
- Motivational symptoms
- Somatic symptoms
What are some examples of emotional symptoms of depression?
sadness hopelessness anxiety misery inability to enjoy
What are some examples of cognitive symptoms of depression?
Negative, cognitions abut self, world and future
What are some examples of motivational symptoms of depression?
Loss of interest
•lack of drive
•difficulty starting anything
What are some examples of somatic symptoms of depression?
Loss of appetite
Lack of energy
sleep difficulties (insomnia)
Weight loss/gain
Bipolar disorder
mood disorder in which intermittent mania appears against a background of depression
•More related to biological factors
What are some examples of emotional and cognitions symptoms of maniac in bipolar disorder?
Mood is euphoric
Cognitions are grandiose
Motivation is hyperactive
How prevalent is depression in men and women? ]
Why is there a difference?
- Women are twice as likely to experience depression
- Women are more likely to sudden their first episode of depression in their 20s (men in 40s)
- Biochemical differences in the nervous system or the monthly premenstrual depression
- Expectation for females in western cultures is to be passive and dependent in the face of stress or loss and to focus their feelings
At what age does depression start?
No age, it can start in infancy
6 months
True or False
People born before the 1960s are 10 times more likely to have depression
FALSE
People born AFTER the 1960s are 10 times more likely to have depression
What could happen if depression is left untreated?
What is its likelihood of recurrence?
Depression usually dissipates over time
Depression typically lasts an average of five to ten months untreated
50%
What are the 3 patterns occurring after onset of major depression?
- About 40 % of people recover and never have a recurrence
- About 50% do have a recurrence
- Usually 3 years before recurrence
- 10% never recover and have chronic depression
What percentage of people have mania?
What is the recurrence rate?
Less than has 1 % experience mania
90 % of those have recurrence
What are some biological/ genetic factors of depression?
A predisposition to develop a depressive disorder in certain environmental factors is likely to be inherited
What two genetically based temperament systems are involved in mood disorders?
What do high scores predict?
Behavioural inhibition system (Neuroticism)
- Pain avoidant - Predicts depression
Behavioural Activation system (extraversion)
- Reward oriented
- activated by cues that predict future pleasure
- Predicts mania
What neurotransmitters are under active in depression?
Noradrenaline, Dopamine, Serotonin
What does Lithium Chloride do?
Calm maniac disorders by decreasing the activity of Noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin
Who came up with Personality-based vulnerability?
What is the main thought?
Karl Abraham
Sigmund Freud
Early Traumatic losses or rejections create vulnerability for later depression by triggering a grieving or rage process that becomes part of the individual’s personality
•Unresolved loss from the past comes up again
Who came up with the Humanistic perspective?
What is it?
Martin Seligman
A way to explain increased depression in people born after 1960s
Because people now define their self worth in terms of individuality a failure is more hard hitting and reflects a person’s own inadequacies
What is the depressive cognitive triad?
negative thoughts concerning (1) the world, (2) oneself, and (3) the future that people with depression cannot control or suppress
•Described by Beck
Depressive attribution pattern
the tendency of depressed people to attribute negative outcomes to their own inadequacies and positive ones to factors outside themselves
•Opposite to the self-enhancement attributional pattern in non depressed people
•Described by Beck
Learned Helplessness Theory
a theory of depression that states that if people are unable to control life events, they develop a state of helplessness that leads to depressive symptoms
What does theorists suggest that learned helplessness is a result of?
Failures that are personal, stable and global
Describe Lewinsohn’s behavioural model of depression
It’s a loop
• Inadequate positive reinforcement or many punishers
o Depression
• Decreased
o increased depression
•Noxious behaviours that alienate others and reduce social support
o Deeper depression
•Inadequate positive reinforcement or many punishers
How can Lewinsohn’s model of depression be broken?
Forcing themselves to engage in behaviours that are likely to produce some degree of pleasure
•Eventually, positive reinforcement produced by this process of behavioural activation will begin to counteract the depressive affect
Somatic Symptom Disorders
- Formerly known as somatoform disorders
- disorders in which people complain of bodily symptoms that cannot be accounted for in terms of actual physical damage or dysfunction
Pain Disorder
a somatoform disorder in which the person’s complaints of pain cannot be accounted for in terms of physical damage
What are hypochondriasis called according to DSM-5?
•Illness anxiety disorder
People who become unduly alarmed about any physical symptoms they detect and are convinced that they have or are about to have a serious illness
How do somatic symptoms differ from psychophysiological disorders?
Psychophysiological:
Psychological factors contribute or cause to a medical condition
Somatic Symptom disorder: No physical basis of pain
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
known as conversion disorder in DSM-IV-TR
a somatic symptom disorder in which the patient experiences physical symptoms (e.g., lack of feeling in hands), but these symptoms are neurologically impossible; there is no damage to any part of the sensory system
What do people with conversion disorder often exhibit?
La belle indifference,
a strange lack of concern about their symptoms and its implications
Where has the highest amount of conversion disorder been?
In Cambodian refugees in Long Beach, California.
They saw many horrors and went through a lot
They have psychogenic blindness
Dissociative Disorders
disorders that involve a major dissociation of personal identity or memory
What are the three forms of dissociative disorders?
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative amnesia
disorder in which a person responds to a stressful event with extensive but selective memory loss
Dissociative fugue
a dissociative phenomenon in which a person loses all sense of personal identity and wanders to another place and establishes a new identity
•Rare
•A subcategory of dissociative amnesia
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
a dissociative disorder in which two or more separate identities or personalities coexist within an individual
•Used to be called multiple personality disorders
•Each personalities have it’s own set of memories and behaviours
•Main personality: Host
In DID how can the personalities differ?
They may or may not know of the existence of the other personalities
•They can differ in
–age
– Gender
–mentality
– Behaviour
–Physiological (physical health)
–Voice changes
– Left and right handedness
– eye sight
–Allergies
–Menstrual cycles
–EpilepsieTrauma Dissociation theory
a theory that accounts for the development of dissociative identity disorder in terms of dissociation as a defence against severe childhood abuse or trauma
Who came up with the trauma dissociation theory?
When can this happen?
Frank Putnam
•In early childhood in response to physical or sexual abuse
- A time when a child’s identity is not well established
