Mood (affective disorders)

Question 1

Mood Disorders

Answer 1

psychological disorders whose core conditions involve maladaptive mood states, such as depression or mania

Question 2

Mania

Answer 2

Excessive excitement
•a state of intense emotional and behavioural excitement in which a person feels very optimistic and energized
• Mood is euphoric and cognitions are grandiose

Question 3

Mood disorders have a high comorbidity with what?

Answer 3

Anxiety

High comorbidity = co-occurence

Question 4

• At any given point _____ to _____% of university grades are experiencing mild depression
• 10% of people over the age of 18 will suffer from major depression in their lifetimes

Answer 4

25%–30%

Question 5

What is the difference between clinical depression and mild depression?

Answer 5

In clinical depression, the frequency, intensity and duration of depressive symptoms are out of proportion to the person’s life situation

Question 6

Major Depression

Answer 6

a mood disorder characterized by intense depression that interferes markedly with functioning

Question 7

Dysthymia

Answer 7

a depressive mood disorder of moderate intensity that occurs over a long period of time but does not disrupt functioning as a major depression does
•AKA chronic depressive disorder
•More chronic and long lasting misery

Question 8

What are 4 types of symptoms in depression?

Answer 8

1. Emotional symptoms
2. cognitive symptoms
3. Motivational symptoms
4. Somatic symptoms

Question 9

What are some examples of emotional symptoms of depression?

Answer 9

sadness 
hopelessness 
anxiety 
misery 
inability to enjoy

Question 10

What are some examples of cognitive symptoms of depression?

Answer 10

Negative, cognitions abut self, world and future

Question 11

What are some examples of motivational symptoms of depression?

Answer 11

Loss of interest
•lack of drive
•difficulty starting anything

Question 12

What are some examples of somatic symptoms of depression?

Answer 12

Loss of appetite
Lack of energy
sleep difficulties (insomnia)
Weight loss/gain

Question 13

Bipolar disorder

Answer 13

mood disorder in which intermittent mania appears against a background of depression
•More related to biological factors

Question 14

What are some examples of emotional and cognitions symptoms of maniac in bipolar disorder?

Answer 14

Mood is euphoric
Cognitions are grandiose
Motivation is hyperactive

Question 15

How prevalent is depression in men and women? ]

Why is there a difference?

Answer 15

• Women are twice as likely to experience depression
• Women are more likely to sudden their first episode of depression in their 20s (men in 40s)
• Biochemical differences in the nervous system or the monthly premenstrual depression
• Expectation for females in western cultures is to be passive and dependent in the face of stress or loss and to focus their feelings

Question 16

At what age does depression start?

Answer 16

No age, it can start in infancy

6 months

Question 17

True or False

People born before the 1960s are 10 times more likely to have depression

Answer 17

FALSE

People born AFTER the 1960s are 10 times more likely to have depression

Question 18

What could happen if depression is left untreated?

What is its likelihood of recurrence?

Answer 18

Depression usually dissipates over time
Depression typically lasts an average of five to ten months untreated
50%

Question 19

What are the 3 patterns occurring after onset of major depression?

Answer 19

1. About 40 % of people recover and never have a recurrence
2. About 50% do have a recurrence
   
   • Usually 3 years before recurrence
3. 10% never recover and have chronic depression

Question 20

What percentage of people have mania?

What is the recurrence rate?

Answer 20

Less than has 1 % experience mania

90 % of those have recurrence

Question 21

What are some biological/ genetic factors of depression?

Answer 21

A predisposition to develop a depressive disorder in certain environmental factors is likely to be inherited

Question 22

What two genetically based temperament systems are involved in mood disorders?
What do high scores predict?

Answer 22

Behavioural inhibition system (Neuroticism)

- Pain avoidant 
 - Predicts depression 

Behavioural Activation system (extraversion)

• Reward oriented
• activated by cues that predict future pleasure
  
  • Predicts mania

Question 23

What neurotransmitters are under active in depression?

Answer 23

Noradrenaline, Dopamine, Serotonin

Question 24

What does Lithium Chloride do?

Answer 24

Calm maniac disorders by decreasing the activity of Noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin

Question 25

Who came up with Personality-based vulnerability? | What is the main thought?

Answer 25

Karl Abraham Sigmund Freud Early Traumatic losses or rejections create vulnerability for later depression by triggering a grieving or rage process that becomes part of the individual's personality •Unresolved loss from the past comes up again

Question 26

Who came up with the Humanistic perspective? | What is it?

Answer 26

Martin Seligman A way to explain increased depression in people born after 1960s Because people now define their self worth in terms of individuality a failure is more hard hitting and reflects a person's own inadequacies

Question 27

What is the depressive cognitive triad?

Answer 27

negative thoughts concerning (1) the world, (2) oneself, and (3) the future that people with depression cannot control or suppress •Described by Beck

Question 28

Depressive attribution pattern

Answer 28

the tendency of depressed people to attribute negative outcomes to their own inadequacies and positive ones to factors outside themselves •Opposite to the self-enhancement attributional pattern in non depressed people •Described by Beck

Question 29

Learned Helplessness Theory

Answer 29

a theory of depression that states that if people are unable to control life events, they develop a state of helplessness that leads to depressive symptoms

Question 30

What does theorists suggest that learned helplessness is a result of?

Answer 30

Failures that are personal, stable and global

Question 31

Describe Lewinsohn's behavioural model of depression

Answer 31

It's a loop • Inadequate positive reinforcement or many punishers o Depression • Decreased o increased depression •Noxious behaviours that alienate others and reduce social support o Deeper depression •Inadequate positive reinforcement or many punishers

Question 32

How can Lewinsohn's model of depression be broken?

Answer 32

Forcing themselves to engage in behaviours that are likely to produce some degree of pleasure •Eventually, positive reinforcement produced by this process of behavioural activation will begin to counteract the depressive affect

Question 33

Somatic Symptom Disorders

Answer 33

* Formerly known as somatoform disorders * disorders in which people complain of bodily symptoms that cannot be accounted for in terms of actual physical damage or dysfunction

Question 34

Pain Disorder

Answer 34

a somatoform disorder in which the person's complaints of pain cannot be accounted for in terms of physical damage

Question 35

What are hypochondriasis called according to DSM-5?

Answer 35

•Illness anxiety disorder People who become unduly alarmed about any physical symptoms they detect and are convinced that they have or are about to have a serious illness

Question 36

How do somatic symptoms differ from psychophysiological disorders?

Answer 36

Psychophysiological: Psychological factors contribute or cause to a medical condition Somatic Symptom disorder: No physical basis of pain

Question 37

Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder | known as conversion disorder in DSM-IV-TR

Answer 37

a somatic symptom disorder in which the patient experiences physical symptoms (e.g., lack of feeling in hands), but these symptoms are neurologically impossible; there is no damage to any part of the sensory system

Question 38

What do people with conversion disorder often exhibit?

Answer 38

La belle indifference, | a strange lack of concern about their symptoms and its implications

Question 39

Where has the highest amount of conversion disorder been?

Answer 39

In Cambodian refugees in Long Beach, California. They saw many horrors and went through a lot They have psychogenic blindness

Question 40

Dissociative Disorders

Answer 40

disorders that involve a major dissociation of personal identity or memory

Question 41

What are the three forms of dissociative disorders?

Answer 41

Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue dissociative identity disorder

Question 42

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 42

disorder in which a person responds to a stressful event with extensive but selective memory loss

Question 43

Dissociative fugue

Answer 43

a dissociative phenomenon in which a person loses all sense of personal identity and wanders to another place and establishes a new identity •Rare •A subcategory of dissociative amnesia

Question 44

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Answer 44

a dissociative disorder in which two or more separate identities or personalities coexist within an individual •Used to be called multiple personality disorders •Each personalities have it's own set of memories and behaviours •Main personality: Host

Question 45

In DID how can the personalities differ?

Answer 45

``` They may or may not know of the existence of the other personalities •They can differ in –age – Gender – mentality – Behaviour – Physiological (physical health) – Voice changes – Left and right handedness – eye sight – Allergies –Menstrual cycles – Epilepsie ```

Question 46

Trauma Dissociation theory

Answer 46

a theory that accounts for the development of dissociative identity disorder in terms of dissociation as a defence against severe childhood abuse or trauma

Question 47

Who came up with the trauma dissociation theory? | When can this happen?

Answer 47

Frank Putnam • In early childhood in response to physical or sexual abuse - A time when a child's identity is not well established