Cognitive Therapies Flashcards
What is the focus of the cognitive approaches to psychotherapy?
Focus on the role of irrational and self-defeating thought patterns, and therapists who employ this approach try to help clients discover and change the cognitions that underlie their problems
Who are well known for developing and using Cognitive Behaviour therapy (CBT)?
Albert Ellis
Aaron Beck
What is Ellis’s ABCD model?
A: activating environmental
event that seems to trigger the emotion
B: The Belief system that underlies the way in which a person appraises the event (Activated by A)
C: The behavioural and emotional Consequences of appraisal (produced by B)
D: The key to changing (of B) maladaptive emotions and behaviours: Disputing or challenging, an erroneous belief system
What does Ellis believe that people often leave out?
The understanding of beliefs (Bs)
•People are accustomed to viewing their emotions Cs and being caused directly by events (As)
What are some treatments rational-emotive therapists use?
Introduce clients to common irrational ideas
•Train them to get rid of irrational thoughts
•Give them homework in which they go into challenging situations to practice (ex. shy person at party)
In Beck’s Cognitive Therapy what is the first step in treating depressed clients?
Help clients realize that their thoughts, and NOT the situation, cause their maladaptive emotional reactions
Self-instructional training
a cognitive coping approach of giving adaptive self-instructions to oneself at crucial phases of the coping process
• Donald Meichenbaum
What disorders have responded most favourably to Beck’s Cognitive therapies?
Depression anger disorders anxiety disorders personality disorders eating disorders
What does a conditioning experience involve?
The pairing of the phobic object (the neutral stimulus) with an aversion unconditioned stimulus
•Phobic becomes CS that elicits CR of anxiety
Exposure
a behaviour therapy treatment in which clients are presented, either in vivo or in their imagination, with fear-inducing stimuli, thus allowing extinction to occur
Response prevention
the prevention of escape or avoidance responses during exposure to an anxiety-arousing CS so that extinction can occur
Flooding
a treatment in exposure therapy when a client is exposed to real-life stimuli
Implosion Therapy
a treatment in exposure therapy when a client is asked to imagine scenes involving the stimuli
What are some common disorders Exposure can treat?
- PTSD
- Agoraphobic
- OCD
Systematic Desensitization
- Joseph Wolpe
- an attempt to eliminate anxiety by using counterconditioning, in which a new response that is incompatible with anxiety is conditioned to the anxiety-arousing conditioned stimulus
What does Systematic Desensitization treat?
Phobias **
Also test anxiety, math anxiety and highway anxiety
What was Wolpe’s view on Anxiety ?
How could he eliminate anxiety?
(Wolpe made Systematic desensitization)
Anxiety is a classically conditioned response
Through Counterconditioning
Counterconditioning
the process of conditioning an incompatible response to a particular stimulus to eliminate a maladaptive response (e.g., anxiety), as occurs in systematic desensitization
What is the first step in systemic desensitization?
1) train the client in the skill of voluntary muscle relaxation
2) make stimulus hierarchy
Stimulus Hierarchy
in systematic desensitization, the creation of a series of anxiety-arousing stimuli that are ranked in terms of the amount of anxiety they evoke
Explain a desensitization session
The client is deeply relaxes and ask to vividly imagine the first scene in the stimulus hierarchy
Because you can’t be relaxed and anxious at the same time, anxiety is counter conditioned
In-Vivo Desensitization
carefully controlled exposure to a hierarchy of real-life situations
Aversion Therapy
the pairing of a CS that currently evokes a positive but maladaptive response with a noxious UCS in an attempt to condition repulsion toward the CS
What treatment is used on pedophiles?
Slides showing children is paired with an electric shock, in hopes of reducing sexual attraction to kids
They measure penile blood volume before and after treatment
What additional training can enhance effectiveness of aversion theory?
Most likely to succeed if it is part of a more comprehensive treatment program in which the client also learns specific coping skills for avoiding relapses
Behaviour Modification
therapeutic procedures based on operant conditioning principles, such as positive reinforcement, operant extinction, and punishment
What does behaviour modification typically treat?
- Chronic Hospitalized Schizophrenics
- Profound disturbed children
- Mentally disabled individuals
Token Economy
a procedure in which desirable behaviours are reinforced with tokens or points that can later be redeemed for other reinforcers
What is the long term goal of token economy programs?
Gain social reinforces and self-reinforcement processes, which will be need to maintain them in the world outside the hospital
Under what conditions is punishment used as a behaviour modification technique?
What evidence is there for tis effectiveness?
- There are no alternative, less painful techniques that would be effective
- The behaviour that is eliminated is sufficiently injurious to the individual or society
Autistic children who smash their heads
Social Skills training
a technique in which a client learns more effective social behaviours by observing and imitating a skillful model
What makes up cognitive behavioural theories?
- first wave, based on animal models of classical and operant conditioning and explicitly excluded cognitive principles
- Second wave, beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, rational-emotive behaviour therapy, cognitive therapy, moodelling and role-playing approaches
What is the third wave cognitive behavioural approaches?
Incorporate the concepts of mindfulness as a central objective to behaviour change
•represent the addition of humanistic concepts and Eastern methods of behaviour therapy
•Acceptance –Commitment therapy
•Dialectical behaviour therapy
Mindfullness
a mental state of awareness, focus, openness, and acceptance of immediate experience
•Involves non judgemental appraisal so difficult thoughts and feelings have less of an impact
What is an important tool for learning mindfulness?
Mediation technique in which people develop a tranquil state and focus closely on their sensations, thoughts, and feelings allowing them to come and go without a struggle
How does mindfulness meditation work?
Reduces physiological arousal
Detached cognitive outlook helps to free people from emotion-escalating emotional processes
How does mindfulness meditation work to prevent relapse?
- increasing awareness of thoughts and emotions that trigger lapses
- Interrupts the previous cycle of automatic substance abuse behaviour
- Neutralizes self blame and thoughts of hopelessness
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Steven Hayes
a therapy that focuses on the process of mindfulness as a vehicle for change; teaches clients to “just notice,” accept, and embrace their thoughts and feelings to reduce the anxiety they would ordinarily evoke
What is the commitment part of ACT?
•Setting life goals in accordance with what one;s feel is most important to their true self
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)
a cognitive-behavioural treatment developed specifically for borderline personality
Developed by Marsha Lineman
What different types of therapies are included in DBT?
1) Behavioural : used to help clients learn interpersonal, problem solving and emotional control
2) Cognitive: Help clients learn more adaptive thinking about the world, relationships and themselves
3) Psychodynamic: traces history of early deprivation and rejection
4) Humanistic: acceptance of thought and feelings help clients better tolerate unhappiness and negative emotions as they occur
MINDFULNESS
What is the major goal of DBT?
Bring self destructive behaviours under control
True or False
Minorities are less likely to seek treatment for mental health than white people
TRUE
What are some barriers that make minorities less likely to seek treatment for mental health?
What is the most important (has star beside it) ?
1) cultural norm against turning to professionals outside one’s own culture for help
2) Many minority members have a history of frustrating experiences with White bureaucracies
3) Language barrier
4) Accessibility (costs)
5) Accessibility (distance)
6) lack of skilled counsellors who can provide culturally responsive forms of treatment*
What are some ways that we can encourage minorities to treat their mental health?
- Bring it close to the community
- Staffed with culturally similar people
- Cultural congruence
Cultural Congruence
Treatment that is consistent with cultural beliefs and expectations
Cultural Competence
a set of therapeutic skills (including scientific mindedness), the ability to consider both cultural and individual factors, and the capacity to introduce culture-specific elements into therapy with people from minority cultures
What skills/ techniques do cultural competent therapists have?
- Use knowledge about the client’s culture to achieve a broad understanding of the client
- attentive to how the client might differ from the cultural stereotype
- Introduce culture-specific elements into therapy
In women where do most psychological problems arise from?
How do therapists treat this?
Oppressive elements in the familial, social and political worlds
They try to change the women’s life circumstance than to try to get them to adapt to sex-role expectations that constrain them
