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Psychology 105 part 2 > Cognitive Therapies > Flashcards

Cognitive Therapies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the focus of the cognitive approaches to psychotherapy?

A

Focus on the role of irrational and self-defeating thought patterns, and therapists who employ this approach try to help clients discover and change the cognitions that underlie their problems

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2
Q

Who are well known for developing and using Cognitive Behaviour therapy (CBT)?

A

Albert Ellis

Aaron Beck

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3
Q

What is Ellis’s ABCD model?

A

A: activating environmental
event that seems to trigger the emotion
B: The Belief system that underlies the way in which a person appraises the event (Activated by A)
C: The behavioural and emotional Consequences of appraisal (produced by B)
D: The key to changing (of B) maladaptive emotions and behaviours: Disputing or challenging, an erroneous belief system

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4
Q

What does Ellis believe that people often leave out?

A

The understanding of beliefs (Bs)

•People are accustomed to viewing their emotions Cs and being caused directly by events (As)

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5
Q

What are some treatments rational-emotive therapists use?

A

Introduce clients to common irrational ideas
•Train them to get rid of irrational thoughts
•Give them homework in which they go into challenging situations to practice (ex. shy person at party)

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6
Q

In Beck’s Cognitive Therapy what is the first step in treating depressed clients?

A

Help clients realize that their thoughts, and NOT the situation, cause their maladaptive emotional reactions

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7
Q

Self-instructional training

A

a cognitive coping approach of giving adaptive self-instructions to oneself at crucial phases of the coping process
• Donald Meichenbaum

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8
Q

What disorders have responded most favourably to Beck’s Cognitive therapies?

A 
Depression 
anger disorders 
anxiety disorders 
personality disorders 
eating disorders
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9
Q

What does a conditioning experience involve?

A

The pairing of the phobic object (the neutral stimulus) with an aversion unconditioned stimulus
•Phobic becomes CS that elicits CR of anxiety

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10
Q

Exposure

A

a behaviour therapy treatment in which clients are presented, either in vivo or in their imagination, with fear-inducing stimuli, thus allowing extinction to occur

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11
Q

Response prevention

A

the prevention of escape or avoidance responses during exposure to an anxiety-arousing CS so that extinction can occur

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12
Q

Flooding

A

a treatment in exposure therapy when a client is exposed to real-life stimuli

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13
Q

Implosion Therapy

A

a treatment in exposure therapy when a client is asked to imagine scenes involving the stimuli

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14
Q

What are some common disorders Exposure can treat?

A
  • PTSD
  • Agoraphobic
  • OCD
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15
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A
  • Joseph Wolpe
  • an attempt to eliminate anxiety by using counterconditioning, in which a new response that is incompatible with anxiety is conditioned to the anxiety-arousing conditioned stimulus
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16
Q

What does Systematic Desensitization treat?

A

Phobias **

Also test anxiety, math anxiety and highway anxiety

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17
Q

What was Wolpe’s view on Anxiety ?

How could he eliminate anxiety?

A

(Wolpe made Systematic desensitization)
Anxiety is a classically conditioned response

Through Counterconditioning

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18
Q

Counterconditioning

A

the process of conditioning an incompatible response to a particular stimulus to eliminate a maladaptive response (e.g., anxiety), as occurs in systematic desensitization

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19
Q

What is the first step in systemic desensitization?

A

1) train the client in the skill of voluntary muscle relaxation
2) make stimulus hierarchy

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20
Q

Stimulus Hierarchy

A

in systematic desensitization, the creation of a series of anxiety-arousing stimuli that are ranked in terms of the amount of anxiety they evoke

21
Q

Explain a desensitization session

A

The client is deeply relaxes and ask to vividly imagine the first scene in the stimulus hierarchy
Because you can’t be relaxed and anxious at the same time, anxiety is counter conditioned

22
Q

In-Vivo Desensitization

A

carefully controlled exposure to a hierarchy of real-life situations

23
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

the pairing of a CS that currently evokes a positive but maladaptive response with a noxious UCS in an attempt to condition repulsion toward the CS

24
Q

What treatment is used on pedophiles?

A

Slides showing children is paired with an electric shock, in hopes of reducing sexual attraction to kids

They measure penile blood volume before and after treatment

25
Q

What additional training can enhance effectiveness of aversion theory?

A

Most likely to succeed if it is part of a more comprehensive treatment program in which the client also learns specific coping skills for avoiding relapses

26
Q

Behaviour Modification

A

therapeutic procedures based on operant conditioning principles, such as positive reinforcement, operant extinction, and punishment

27
Q

What does behaviour modification typically treat?

A
  • Chronic Hospitalized Schizophrenics
  • Profound disturbed children
  • Mentally disabled individuals
28
Q

Token Economy

A

a procedure in which desirable behaviours are reinforced with tokens or points that can later be redeemed for other reinforcers

29
Q

What is the long term goal of token economy programs?

A

Gain social reinforces and self-reinforcement processes, which will be need to maintain them in the world outside the hospital

30
Q

Under what conditions is punishment used as a behaviour modification technique?
What evidence is there for tis effectiveness?

A
  • There are no alternative, less painful techniques that would be effective
  • The behaviour that is eliminated is sufficiently injurious to the individual or society

Autistic children who smash their heads

31
Q

Social Skills training

A

a technique in which a client learns more effective social behaviours by observing and imitating a skillful model

32
Q

What makes up cognitive behavioural theories?

A
  • first wave, based on animal models of classical and operant conditioning and explicitly excluded cognitive principles
  • Second wave, beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, rational-emotive behaviour therapy, cognitive therapy, moodelling and role-playing approaches
33
Q

What is the third wave cognitive behavioural approaches?

A

Incorporate the concepts of mindfulness as a central objective to behaviour change
•represent the addition of humanistic concepts and Eastern methods of behaviour therapy
•Acceptance –Commitment therapy
•Dialectical behaviour therapy

34
Q

Mindfullness

A

a mental state of awareness, focus, openness, and acceptance of immediate experience
•Involves non judgemental appraisal so difficult thoughts and feelings have less of an impact

35
Q

What is an important tool for learning mindfulness?

A

Mediation technique in which people develop a tranquil state and focus closely on their sensations, thoughts, and feelings allowing them to come and go without a struggle

36
Q

How does mindfulness meditation work?

A

Reduces physiological arousal

Detached cognitive outlook helps to free people from emotion-escalating emotional processes

37
Q

How does mindfulness meditation work to prevent relapse?

A
  • increasing awareness of thoughts and emotions that trigger lapses
  • Interrupts the previous cycle of automatic substance abuse behaviour
  • Neutralizes self blame and thoughts of hopelessness
38
Q

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

A

Steven Hayes
a therapy that focuses on the process of mindfulness as a vehicle for change; teaches clients to “just notice,” accept, and embrace their thoughts and feelings to reduce the anxiety they would ordinarily evoke

39
Q

What is the commitment part of ACT?

A

•Setting life goals in accordance with what one;s feel is most important to their true self

40
Q

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)

A

a cognitive-behavioural treatment developed specifically for borderline personality
Developed by Marsha Lineman

41
Q

What different types of therapies are included in DBT?

A

1) Behavioural : used to help clients learn interpersonal, problem solving and emotional control
2) Cognitive: Help clients learn more adaptive thinking about the world, relationships and themselves
3) Psychodynamic: traces history of early deprivation and rejection
4) Humanistic: acceptance of thought and feelings help clients better tolerate unhappiness and negative emotions as they occur
MINDFULNESS

42
Q

What is the major goal of DBT?

A

Bring self destructive behaviours under control

43
Q

True or False

Minorities are less likely to seek treatment for mental health than white people

A

TRUE

44
Q

What are some barriers that make minorities less likely to seek treatment for mental health?
What is the most important (has star beside it) ?

A

1) cultural norm against turning to professionals outside one’s own culture for help
2) Many minority members have a history of frustrating experiences with White bureaucracies
3) Language barrier
4) Accessibility (costs)
5) Accessibility (distance)
6) lack of skilled counsellors who can provide culturally responsive forms of treatment*

45
Q

What are some ways that we can encourage minorities to treat their mental health?

A
  • Bring it close to the community
  • Staffed with culturally similar people
  • Cultural congruence
46
Q

Cultural Congruence

A

Treatment that is consistent with cultural beliefs and expectations

47
Q

Cultural Competence

A

a set of therapeutic skills (including scientific mindedness), the ability to consider both cultural and individual factors, and the capacity to introduce culture-specific elements into therapy with people from minority cultures

48
Q

What skills/ techniques do cultural competent therapists have?

A
  • Use knowledge about the client’s culture to achieve a broad understanding of the client
  • attentive to how the client might differ from the cultural stereotype
  • Introduce culture-specific elements into therapy
49
Q

In women where do most psychological problems arise from?

How do therapists treat this?

A

Oppressive elements in the familial, social and political worlds

They try to change the women’s life circumstance than to try to get them to adapt to sex-role expectations that constrain them

Psychology 105 part 2 (19 decks)

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