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molecular1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria use the restriction-modification system to defend themselves from viral attacks (T/F)

A

True

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2
Q

The correct 10-base forward PCR primer starting at position 5 on the following sequence would be

5’ -CGATGTAGGGCGGGATGGAGAGATAGAGAGAGTCACAATATGC -3’

A

GTAGGGCGGG

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3
Q

A drawback for heterogeneous expression of eukaryotic genes in prokaryotic cell is that the proteins are

A

improperly folded

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4
Q

Order the DNA molecules shown below from lowest to highest melting temperature. Only the complementary strands are shown.
TTCCAAGGGCCGGATGGCCT
GGTTCAATAATTGCCTTTAA
AACCTTGGGGTTAACGGAAA

A

1 GGTTCAATAATTGCCTTTAA
2 AACCTTGGGGTTAACGGAAA
3 TTCCAAGGGCCGGATGGCCT

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5
Q

Antibody probes can be used to screen a genomic library to identify specific genomic sequences. (T/F)

A

False

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6
Q

In the laboratory, a new mutant cell line was accidentally produced. It was discovered that this mutant has a deficiency in the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Which of the following would most likely be observed in this cell line?

A

Most tRNA molecules would not be charged with amino acids

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7
Q

Which of the following is NOT present in eukaryotes?

A

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

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8
Q

In order for an organism to evolve, there may be occasional alterations to its genetic sequence. (T/F)

A

True

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9
Q

Which of the following features is common to DNA, RNA, and proteins?

A

They are polymers

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10
Q

Can you identify a situation that could lead to the creation of a mutant human protein?

A

change in a sequence in an exon

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11
Q

The bonds that connect adenine to thymine in a DNA double helix are __________ bonds.

A

hydrogen

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12
Q

Uracil found in RNA molecules is an example of purine. (T/F)

A

False

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13
Q

All of the following conditions promote the denaturation of DNA EXCEPT

A

extremely low temperature

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14
Q

The overall structure of DNA resembles ______.

A

a ladder

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15
Q

The phosphodiester bonds in a DNA are examples of non-covalent bonds. (T/F)

A

False

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16
Q

Which of the following does not directly affect the migration of the proteins through the SDS-PAGE gel?

A

the native charge on the protein

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17
Q

For an affinity chromatography column, if the tag of an engineered protein is His-tag, what should be ligand to be used in the column?

A

Nickel ion

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18
Q

The DNA fragments greater that 1Mb can be resolved well by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gels. (T/F)

A

False

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19
Q

Nickel affinity chromatography is based on the principle that the metal nickel can be bound with a specific region in a protein. This region is a stretch of _________.

A

histidines

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20
Q

During 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, each polypeptide migrated based on its molecular mass in the first phase. (T/F)

A

False

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21
Q

tRNA = the _____ molecule

A

adapter

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22
Q

Column Chromatography is used for…

A

Protein Purification

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23
Q

Nuclein = _____ = ______

A

chromatin, DNA + Protein

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24
Q

Griffith looked at avirulent rough and virulent smooth colonies of Strep pneumoniae which determined:

A

heat killed virulent bacteria can turn avirulent bacteria into virulent.

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25
Q

Miescher isolated nuclei from pus (WBC’s) to find ____

A

Nuclein

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26
Q

Macleod and McCarty excluded protein and RNA to prove:

A

DNA is the chemical agent of transformation from avirulent to virulent (in strep pneu)

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27
Q

Watson and Crick published

A

double helix model

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28
Q

Hershey and Chase (using phage virus) showed

A

bacteriophage infection comes from DNA, showing DNA is genetic material

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29
Q

Phages only infect _____

A

bacteria

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30
Q

Plasmids are used because

A

They’re small, circular DNA, and can be easily manipulated to better understand DNA.

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31
Q

Nucleotides/ DNA are made of:

A

Nitrogenous bases (ACTG), Phosphoric acid, Deoxyribose sugar

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32
Q

RNA is made of:

A

Nitrogenous bases (ACUG), Phosphoric acid, Ribose sugar

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33
Q

Nucleotides ______ phosphoric acid, Nucleosides _____ phosphoric acid

A

have, lack

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34
Q

Carbons in sugars are shown as _____

A

primed numbers

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35
Q

Deoxyribose lacks a _______ group at the TWO position

A

hydroxyl

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36
Q

Purines?

A

Adenine and guanine.

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37
Q

Pyrmidines?

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

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38
Q

In DNA, Purine always pairs with _______

A

pyrimidine

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39
Q

Nucleotides are nucleosides with a _____ group attached through a ______ bond

A

phosphate, phosphodiester

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40
Q

Define polynucleotides

A

Chain of nucleotides, made when theres an alpha phosphodiester bond in between. (can be alpha, beta, gamma)

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41
Q

Trinucleotides have polarity because of their:

A

free 5’ phosphate group, free 3’ hydroxyl group

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42
Q

The hydroxyl 3’ end can be joined with

A

triphosphate and DNA polymerase

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43
Q

A corresponding DNA strand will be:

A

antiparallel

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44
Q

Rosalind Franklin used ______ to find the helical shape, and repeating pattern

A

X ray diffraction

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45
Q

Chargaff revealed

A

purines = pyramidine content

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46
Q

Watson and Crick stated..

A

double helix with sugar phosphate backbones on the outside, bases on the inside

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47
Q

Curving sides of the ladder represent ____ and ladder rungs are ___

A

sugar phosphate backbone, base pairs

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48
Q

How many base pairs per turn

A

10 bp

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49
Q

What will bind to the large grooves of the helix

A

transcription factors

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50
Q

What does a large groove imply?

A

More room for different proteins, cell specialization

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51
Q

Viruses are ______

A

packages of genes

52
Q

Viruses have their own metabolic activity (T/F)

A

False

53
Q

What happens when a virus infects a host cell?

A

cellular machinery is diverted, and begins to make viral proteins

54
Q

What happens when viral genes are replicated?

A

Viral genes will be used for making viral proteins, that will turn into virus particles

55
Q

Viruses contain

A

nucleic acid, some will have DNA genes, some RNA, either DS or SS

56
Q

Why do viruses infect host cell

A

To use host cell for gene transcription/translation

57
Q

Changes in ______ cause change in DNA structure, leading to ______ forms.

A

humidity, A (75%) & Z

58
Q

Direction of twist of DNA

A

Usually right handed

59
Q

High humidity (92%) DNA is called

A

B form

60
Q

BP in A form are perpendicular to helical axis (t/f)

A

F

61
Q

A form (75% humidity)

A

seen when one strand of DNA is hybridized to one of the RNA strands (transcription phase)

62
Q

Changing humidity can change…

A

Width and number of bases

63
Q

Z form occurs when…

A

DNA is wound in left handed helix

64
Q

High temperatures lead to…

A

strand seperation

65
Q

GC % and Tm _____

A

help identify organism

66
Q

Ratios of _______ are fixed in any organism

A

G to C and A to T

67
Q

Percentange of GC can range from

A

22 to 73%

68
Q

G/C, A/T , and GC ratios effect _____

A

physical properties

69
Q

A/T bps have _ H bonds, G/C have _ H bonds

A

2, 3

70
Q

Tm and GC are correlated. (T/F)

A

True

71
Q

What occurs when DNA strands are heated?

A

noncovalent forces holding together DNA break, and then 2 strands come apart in denaturation or melting.

72
Q

Tm is….

A

temp that DNA strands are 1/2 denatured

73
Q

__ content means a higher ___

A

GC, Tm

74
Q

DNA can be denatured by heat as well as…

A

organic solvents, high pH, low salt

75
Q

DNA density can be effected by __ content, due to large molar volume of __

A

GC, AT

76
Q

Annealing/ Renaturation meaning

A

After seperation of 2 strands, they may come back together

77
Q

Annealing factors:

A

-about 25 deg under Tm
-high DNA concentration
-increase annealing time

78
Q

Polynucleotide Chain Hybridization

A

putting together a combination of two different nucleic acids (could be 1 RNA, 1 DNA, or 2 complementary DNA)

79
Q

DNA can hybridize with DNA or RNA (T/F)

A

true

80
Q

DNA size is expressed by:

A

-number of bp
-m.w. (1bp=660 mw)
-length (33.2 A / helical turn of 10.4bp)

81
Q

DNA can be measured using:

A

Electron microscopy or gel electrophoresis

82
Q

Humans mw, bp, and length

A

2.310^12, 3.210^9, 1.1m

83
Q

DNA size predicts how many genes there are (T/F)?

A

False

84
Q

How much of DNA encodes for proteins?

A

3-5%. The rest is exons, introns, and regulation of gene expression

85
Q

The average protein is about _____ D, average amino acid __ D, Average protein ____ amino acids. Each amino acid has _ bps

A

40,000, 110, 364, 3

86
Q

What is the C value?

A

DNA content per haploid cell

87
Q

C value paradox

A

more complex organisms wont always have more genes than simple ones- probably because high C values means more non coding DNA

88
Q

Template strand

A

complementary DNA strand, used to generate mRNA, and used by the promoter

89
Q

Nontemplate strand is not used in RNA transcription (T/F)

A

True

90
Q

If nontemplate strand is ATG AGT, what is the template strand, and mRNA

A

template: TAC TCA, mRNA: AUG AGU

91
Q

A protein is….

A

chain like polymer, full of small subunits called amino acids.

92
Q

DNA has _ different nucleotides

A

4

93
Q

Proteins have __ different AA’s, containing:

A

amino group, carboxyl group, H atom, and a specific side chain

94
Q

Amino acids are bonded with

A

Peptide bonds

95
Q

Polypeptide is

A

chain of amino acids

96
Q

Proteins have 1 or more polypeptides (T/F)

A

True

97
Q

Polypeptides have polarity because…

A

they have a free amino group at one end (n term), and free carboxyl group at the other end (c term)

98
Q

A linear order of AA’s is…

A

a proteins primary structure

99
Q

Primary structure interaction leads to…

A

Secondary structure

100
Q

What are the two types of secondary structure?

A

alpha helix and beta sheet. each protein will contain both.

101
Q

alpha helix

A

stabilized by H bonds between the NH and CO groups

102
Q

Beta sheet

A

made from polypeptide backbones forming H bond, with extended polypeptide chains, pack by H bonding, giving sheet look

103
Q

Tertiary structure

A

3d shape of a polypeptide, caused by interaction of AA side chains, almost forms sphere

104
Q

Domains are

A

compact structural region of a protein (ex. immunoglobulin)

105
Q

Domains may have

A

motifs, like zinc finger (zinc binding domain), and hydrophobic pocket

106
Q

Quartenary structure:

A

2 or more polypeptides join to make a complex protein (multiple tertiary structures)

107
Q

Protein Functions

A

provide structure, be hormones, bind/carry, control activity of gene, be enzymes

108
Q

Transcription

A

directed by enzyme RNA polymerase, enzyme mediated to happen faster, U replaces T

109
Q

Three phases of transcription

A

initiation, elongation, termination

110
Q

A template can be more than one strand (T/F)

A

False

111
Q

Transcription starts synthesizing ___stream of the promoter

A

downstream

112
Q

RNA polymerase

A

recognizes promoter upstream of gene, binds to it causing strand separation, starts building RNA chain by adding ribonucleotides, and after several are added- RNA polymerase leaves, elongation begins

113
Q

Bubble of separated strands is caused by

A

movement of polymerase along template. After transcription, strands reform

114
Q

What are the two differences between transcription and DNA replication

A

-RNA polymerase only makes one RNA strand during transcription, copies only one DNA strand (asymmetrical, semiconservative)
-DNA melting is temporary in transcription, but separation is permanent in replication (new DNA will stay hybridized with template)

115
Q

When does RNA dissociate from RNA polymerase

A

termination

116
Q

Ribosomes are the _________ machines

A

protein synthesizing

117
Q

Sedimentation coefficient

A

speed which particles sediment through a soln spun in centrifuge

118
Q

—- and proteins are used for translation

A

rRNA

119
Q

Ribosomal subunits contain…

A

rRNA and proteins

120
Q

rRNA’s code for proteins (T/F)

A

False

121
Q

Change from ribosome to protein requires

A

change from nucleic acid to amino acid

122
Q

Crick said that _____ was needed to bridge translation

A

adapter

123
Q

tRNA recognizes

A

RNA and AA’s

124
Q

Form of tRNA

A

top (by acceptor stem) binds amino acid to a certain AA, bottom (by anticodon) is a 3 base that pairs with an mRNA comp 3 base

125
Q

Last sequence of tRNA

A

cca

126
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

brings an AA to the tRNA

127
Q

Complementary sequence of a tRNA codon is

A

anticodon

Flash Cards (21 decks)

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