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Molecular Genetics SG Flashcards

Mutation Replication transcription and translation

1
Q

Differences in Dna

A

Double stranded, deoxyribose, thymine, exact copy

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2
Q

Differences in rna

A

Single strand, ribose, uracil, more than one form

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3
Q

Replication

A

Where DNA is copied

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4
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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5
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

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6
Q

Purine nitrogen bases

A

Adenine and guanine

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7
Q

Pyrimidine nitrogen bases

A

Thymine and cytosine

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8
Q

Difference between purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines have a two ring structure. Pyrimidines have a one ring structure.

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9
Q

What is the monomer for nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotides

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10
Q

What is the monomer for proteins?

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

What is the primary function or purpose for DNA?

A

Store genetic information for an organism

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12
Q

Where does DNA replication take place?

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Ribosome

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15
Q

What are the three parts to a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

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16
Q

What two enzymes are involved in replication?

A

DNA helicase and DNA polymerase

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17
Q

What enzyme is involved in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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18
Q

Which nitrogen base is an RNA but not DNA

A

Uracil

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19
Q

A group of three nitrogen bases on an mRNA strand

A

Codon

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20
Q

A group of three nitrogen bases on a TRNA strand

A

Anticodon

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21
Q

How many amino acids are commonly found in organisms

A

About 20

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22
Q

What type of bond is between the nitrogen bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

What type of bond is between the sugar phosphate, backbone of DNA?

A

Phosphodiester

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24
Q

Mutation

A

A change within a nucleus acid that can harm or benefit the organism

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25
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Large molecules made from multiple monomers

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26
Q

What does dna stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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27
Q

What are the monomers of dna?

A

A nucleotide

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28
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

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29
Q

What is the shape of a DNA molecule?

A

Double helix

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30
Q

Who discovered the shape of dna?

A

James Watson and Francis crick

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31
Q

How did Wilkins and Franklin contribute to the discovery of DNA structures?

A

Franklins images allowed Watson, and crick to create the discovery. Or x-rays of models

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32
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine thymine guanine and cytosine

33
Q

Which bases are complementary?

A

Adenine with Thymine
Cytosine and Guanine

34
Q

What type of bond holds bases together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

35
Q

What two bases are purines?

A

Adenine and guanine

36
Q

What do bases are pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and cytosine

37
Q

Describe the double helix, (what makes up the backbone in the rungs)

A

Deoxyribose Sugars and phosphate groups

38
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

DNA replication

39
Q

What enzyme unzips the double helix

A

DNA helicase

40
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

Reads broken DNA and builds two new strands with complementary bases

41
Q

What is the complementary DNA sequence? ATTGCAGAT?

A

TAACGTCTA

42
Q

If a DNA molecule is 20% adenine what is the percentages of T C and G

A

T 20
C and G 30

43
Q

Why is DNA replication considered semi conservative?

A

Half of the parent DNA molecule is conserved in the two daughter dna molecules

44
Q

What does antiparallel mean?

A

If two biopolymers run parallel to each other opposite directionally (alignment)

45
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

46
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A

mRna rRNA tRNA

47
Q

Copies, genetic instructions from DNA and carries it to the cytoplasm

A

mRNA

48
Q

Helps form ribosomes, the organelle, where proteins Are assembled

A

rRNA

49
Q

Brings amino acids to ribosomes, to form proteins

A

tRNA

50
Q

What is the five carbon sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

51
Q

What are the four RNA bases?

A

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

52
Q

Given the following sequence, what’s the complementary mRNA sequence TATGCAATCGAC

A

AUACGUUAGCUG

53
Q

List three ways RNA different from DNA

A

Uracil
Single stranded
Ribose

54
Q

What is transcription

A

information in DNA is transcribed into a smaller version of RNA

55
Q

What is needed for transcription

A

RNA polymerase, transcription factors (proteins)

56
Q

What are the steps of transcription?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

57
Q

Transcription stage one

A

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, signals DNA to unwind so the enzyme can read the bases

58
Q

Transcription stage two

A

, reads the unbound DNA strands and builds the mRNA molecule using complementary base pairs.

59
Q

Transcription stage three

A

RNA polymerase crosses a stop termination sequence and detaches from DNA.

60
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

61
Q

What is the primary transcription enzyme

A

RNA polymerase

62
Q

What terminates transcription

A

When RNA polymerase reaches the stop terminaton sequence

63
Q

What is the genetic code?*

A

Nucleotides called codons

64
Q

What is a codon

A

Sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that goes with an amino acid

65
Q

What does a triplet code refer to

A

64 different combinations (4x4x4) genetic codeor a sequence of 3 nucleotides

66
Q

What is translation

A

When the genetic code in mRNA reads one codon at a time to make proteins

67
Q

What is the start signal for translation

A

Code AUG FOR RNA
TAC. FOR DNA

68
Q

What amino acid does AUG code for

A

Methionine

69
Q

What is the function of tRNA in translation

A

Carrying specific animo acids to ribosome to build proteins

70
Q

Where are the amino acids found in the cell?

A

Ribosome

71
Q

What is an anticodon

A

A sequence of three bases, complementary to the codon

72
Q

What type of covalent bond hold amino acids together

A

Peptide bonds

73
Q

Where does translation occur

A

Ribosome

74
Q

Translation stage 1

A

Ribosome Attaches to mRNA

75
Q

Translation stage 2

A

Ribosome starts reading code

76
Q

Translation stage 3

A

tRNA carrying an amino acid binds anti-codon to codon on mRNA

77
Q

Translation stage 4

A

Bonds form between amino acids in a polypeptide chain grows

78
Q

Translation stage 5

A

Translation stops when the ribosome reaches a stop codon

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