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Molecular Genetics SG Flashcards

Mutation Replication transcription and translation

1
Q

Differences in Dna

A

Double stranded, deoxyribose, thymine, exact copy

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2
Q

Differences in rna

A

Single strand, ribose, uracil, more than one form

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3
Q

Replication

A

Where DNA is copied

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4
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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5
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

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6
Q

Purine nitrogen bases

A

Adenine and guanine

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7
Q

Pyrimidine nitrogen bases

A

Thymine and cytosine

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8
Q

Difference between purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines have a two ring structure. Pyrimidines have a one ring structure.

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9
Q

What is the monomer for nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotides

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10
Q

What is the monomer for proteins?

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

What is the primary function or purpose for DNA?

A

Store genetic information for an organism

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12
Q

Where does DNA replication take place?

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Ribosome

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15
Q

What are the three parts to a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

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16
Q

What two enzymes are involved in replication?

A

DNA helicase and DNA polymerase

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17
Q

What enzyme is involved in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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18
Q

Which nitrogen base is an RNA but not DNA

A

Uracil

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19
Q

A group of three nitrogen bases on an mRNA strand

A

Codon

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20
Q

A group of three nitrogen bases on a TRNA strand

A

Anticodon

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21
Q

How many amino acids are commonly found in organisms

A

About 20

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22
Q

What type of bond is between the nitrogen bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

What type of bond is between the sugar phosphate, backbone of DNA?

A

Phosphodiester

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24
Q

Mutation

A

A change within a nucleus acid that can harm or benefit the organism

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25
What is a polymer?
Large molecules made from multiple monomers
26
What does dna stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
27
What are the monomers of dna?
A nucleotide
28
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
29
What is the shape of a DNA molecule?
Double helix
30
Who discovered the shape of dna?
James Watson and Francis crick
31
How did Wilkins and Franklin contribute to the discovery of DNA structures?
Franklins images allowed Watson, and crick to create the discovery. Or x-rays of models
32
What are the four nitrogenous bases?
Adenine thymine guanine and cytosine
33
Which bases are complementary?
Adenine with Thymine Cytosine and Guanine
34
What type of bond holds bases together?
Hydrogen bonds
35
What two bases are purines?
Adenine and guanine
36
What do bases are pyrimidines?
Thymine and cytosine
37
Describe the double helix, (what makes up the backbone in the rungs)
Deoxyribose Sugars and phosphate groups
38
How does DNA replicate?
DNA replication
39
What enzyme unzips the double helix
DNA helicase
40
What is DNA polymerase?
Reads broken DNA and builds two new strands with complementary bases
41
What is the complementary DNA sequence? ATTGCAGAT?
TAACGTCTA
42
If a DNA molecule is 20% adenine what is the percentages of T C and G
T 20 C and G 30
43
Why is DNA replication considered semi conservative?
Half of the parent DNA molecule is conserved in the two daughter dna molecules
44
What does antiparallel mean?
If two biopolymers run parallel to each other opposite directionally (alignment)
45
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
46
What are the three types of RNA
mRna rRNA tRNA
47
Copies, genetic instructions from DNA and carries it to the cytoplasm
mRNA
48
Helps form ribosomes, the organelle, where proteins Are assembled
rRNA
49
Brings amino acids to ribosomes, to form proteins
tRNA
50
What is the five carbon sugar in RNA?
Ribose
51
What are the four RNA bases?
Adenine Uracil Cytosine Guanine
52
Given the following sequence, what’s the complementary mRNA sequence TATGCAATCGAC
AUACGUUAGCUG
53
List three ways RNA different from DNA
Uracil Single stranded Ribose
54
What is transcription
information in DNA is transcribed into a smaller version of RNA
55
What is needed for transcription
RNA polymerase, transcription factors (proteins)
56
What are the steps of transcription?
Initiation Elongation Termination
57
Transcription stage one
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, signals DNA to unwind so the enzyme can read the bases
58
Transcription stage two
, reads the unbound DNA strands and builds the mRNA molecule using complementary base pairs.
59
Transcription stage three
RNA polymerase crosses a stop termination sequence and detaches from DNA.
60
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
61
What is the primary transcription enzyme
RNA polymerase
62
What terminates transcription
When RNA polymerase reaches the stop terminaton sequence
63
What is the genetic code?*
Nucleotides called codons
64
What is a codon
Sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that goes with an amino acid
65
What does a triplet code refer to
64 different combinations (4x4x4) genetic codeor a sequence of 3 nucleotides
66
What is translation
When the genetic code in mRNA reads one codon at a time to make proteins
67
What is the start signal for translation
Code AUG FOR RNA TAC. FOR DNA
68
What amino acid does AUG code for
Methionine
69
What is the function of tRNA in translation
Carrying specific animo acids to ribosome to build proteins
70
Where are the amino acids found in the cell?
Ribosome
71
What is an anticodon
A sequence of three bases, complementary to the codon
72
What type of covalent bond hold amino acids together
Peptide bonds
73
Where does translation occur
Ribosome
74
Translation stage 1
Ribosome Attaches to mRNA
75
Translation stage 2
Ribosome starts reading code
76
Translation stage 3
tRNA carrying an amino acid binds anti-codon to codon on mRNA
77
Translation stage 4
Bonds form between amino acids in a polypeptide chain grows
78
Translation stage 5
Translation stops when the ribosome reaches a stop codon

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