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MCAT > Molecular Bio > Flashcards

Molecular Bio Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What are the bases?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

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2
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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3
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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4
Q

Nucleotides in DNA are covalently linked by what?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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5
Q

How are bases held together in DNA?

A

hydrogren bonds

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6
Q

Annealing?

A

Binding of two complementary strands of DNA into a double stranded structure

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7
Q

Sum total of genetic info

A

genome

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8
Q

Prokaryotic genomes description

A

one circular chromosome by DNA gyrase into supercoils

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9
Q

Region where spindle fibers attach

A

centromere

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10
Q

End of linear chromosomes

A

telomeres

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11
Q

Regions of noncoding DNA

A

Intergenic regions

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12
Q

Genomic Variations

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Copy Number Variation
Repeated Sequences: Tandem Repeats
Repeated Sequences: Transposons

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13
Q

DNA contains nucleotide sequences known as

A

genes that serves as templates

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14
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA-RNA- Protein

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15
Q

Stop Codon

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

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16
Q

DNA replication is ?

A

semiconservative

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17
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds DNA helix at the origin of replication

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18
Q

How is DNA protected after it has been unpackaged?

A

With single strand binding proteins

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19
Q

Needed to synthesize each template strand

A

RNA primer

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20
Q

Elongation of daughter strand

A

DNA polymerase

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21
Q

Replication fork

A

areas where parental double helix continues to unwind

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22
Q

What are the two strands involved in DNA replication

A

Leading and Lagging
Leading is continuous because of 5 -3 direction
Lagging- Opposite direction wait until fork widens

23
Q

Small chunks of DNA comprising lagoon strand

A

Okazaki Fragments

24
Q

Okazaki fragments are joined by what

A

DNA ligase

25
Q

Function of DNA Pol I and III

A

I- starts adding nucleotides at the RNA primer

III- elongation of the leading strand in 5-3 direction

26
Q

Hayflick limit

A

number of times a normal human cell type can divide until telomere length stops cell division

27
Q

Mutations passed off to offspring

A

Germline

28
Q

Types of mutation

A 
Point
insertions
Deletions
Inversions
Amplifications
Translocation and Rearrangement 
Loss of Heterozygous
29
Q

Types of point mutations

A

missense
nonsense
silent mutation

30
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

cause change in reading frame

31
Q

Inversion

A

segment of chromosome is reversed end to end

32
Q

Chromosome amplification

A

segment of chromosome is duplicated

33
Q

Translocation

A

recombination occurs between non homologous chromosomes

34
Q

Loss of heterozygosity

A

when one allele of a certain gene is lost in a diploid organism

35
Q

Types of DNA repair

A 
Direct Reversal
Homology Dependent 
Excision
Post Replication 
Double Strand bREAK
Homologous Recombination 
NonHomologous End Joining
36
Q

Characteristics of RNA

A

single stranded
contains uracil
pentose ring is ribose and not deoxyribose

37
Q

Monocistronic

A

one gene, one protein

Eukaryote

38
Q

Polycistronic

A

Prokaryote

39
Q

Precursor to mana

A

heterogeneous nuclear RNA

40
Q

Types of Non Coding RNA

A

Transfer RNA

Ribsomal RNA

41
Q

tRNA

A

carries amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome

42
Q

rRNA

A

one provides catalytic function of the ribosome

43
Q

Both replication and transcription involve what?

A

template driven polymerization

44
Q

Responsible for initiation in prokaryotic transcription

A

sigma factor

45
Q

Stages of transcription

A

initiation
elongation
termination

46
Q

Bacterial promoter’s primary sequences

A

Pribnow box at -10

-35 sequence

47
Q

RNA polymerase I

A

transcribes most rRNA

48
Q

RNA poly II

A

transcribes hnRNA

49
Q

RNA poly III

A

transcribes tRNA

50
Q

Ribosome binding site for prokaryote translation

A

shine delgarno sequence

51
Q

Initiation stars with what in prokaryotes

A

IF1 and 3

52
Q

components of Lac Operon

A

POZYA

53
Q

Genes involved in lac operon regulation

A

crp and I

MCAT (9 decks)

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