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Vet Path. > Molecular Basis Of Cancer > Flashcards

Molecular Basis Of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Initiation

A

Irreversible alteration of single, normal cell

(Starts acting weird)

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2
Q

Promotion

A

Potentially reversible clonal expansion of initiated cell

(Makes surrounding cells weird)

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3
Q

Progression

A

Conversion of initiated cell -> metastasizing cancer cell

(Weird tumor forms)

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4
Q

Example of a known promoter

A

Croton oil

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5
Q

Repeated exposure to tumor promoters causes

A

Tumor formation

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6
Q

4 main fates of promoted cells

A
  • progress to lesion w/ higher neoplastic capacity
  • grow w/o qualitative changes
  • persist for long time w/o or w/ minimal growth & w/o qualitative changes
  • regress completely
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7
Q

6 hallmarks of cancer

A
  • self sufficient growth signals
  • don’t respond to growth inhibitors
  • evasion of apoptosis
  • uncontrollable growth (limitless)
  • sustained angiogenesis
  • metastasis and tissue invasion
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8
Q

Cancer etiopathogenesis caused by alteration of

A
  • proto-oncogenes
  • tumor suppressor genes
  • apoptosis genes
  • DNA repair genes
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9
Q

Main 2 cencer etiopathologies

A
  • proto-oncogenes
  • tumor suppressor genes
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10
Q

List some Proto-oncogenes

A
  • tyrosine kinases
  • G proteins
  • DNA binding proteins
  • signal transducers
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11
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A
  • encode for oncoproteins
  • normal cell genes that regulate cell growth & diff.
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12
Q

Oncogenes

A
  • altered proto-oncogene that promotes abnormal cell growth
  • promote autonomous cell growth in cancerous cells
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13
Q

Most commonly mutated oncogenes

A

In ras family

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14
Q

Proto-oncogene alterations

A
  • point mutation
  • gene amplification
  • translocation
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15
Q

Common tumor suppressor gene

A

P53

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16
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A
  • transcribed protein regulates growth
  • inactive form confers growth advantage
17
Q

BAX

A

Apoptosis gene

18
Q

P21

A

CDK Inhibitor

19
Q

GADD45

A

DNA repair

20
Q

BCL-2 family

A

Anti-apoptosis genes

21
Q

DNA Repair genes

A
  • influence non-lethal damage repair in other genes
  • dsyfunction-> genomic mutations
  • ex. GADD45, MLH1, MSH2
22
Q

Environmental causes of cancer

A
  • chemical carcinogen
  • radiant energy
  • oncogenic viruses
23
Q

Chemical carcinogens

A
  • synthetic or biological
  • 2 classes: direct-acting or procarcinogens
  • most are mutagens
  • highly reactive electrophiles that form DNA adducts
24
Q

Direct acting carcinogens

A

Don’t need to be metabolized

25
Q

Procarcinogens

A

Require chemical or enzymatic activation

26
Q

Radiant energy carcinogens

A
  • are complete carcinogens (initiate & promote)
  • direct DNA damage
  • reactive O2 spp indirectly damages DNA
27
Q

Types of cancers assc. w/ radiation

A
  • melanomas
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • basal cell carcinoma
  • leukemia
  • thyroid cancer
  • breast cancer
28
Q

DNA Oncogenic virus

A
  • transforming DNA viruses form stable assc. w/ host genome
  • productive infection
  • non productive infection
29
Q

Productive infection

A
  • permissive cells
  • virus replication occurs
  • frequently cytotoxic
  • not assc. w/ tumor form. usually
30
Q

Non-productive infection

A
  • non permissive cells
  • virus can’t replicate
  • can cause cell transformation and tumor formation
31
Q

DNA Oncogenic virus steps of infection

A
  • virus enters cell
  • viral envelope removed
  • v-DNA incorporated in host genome
  • synth. Of viral proteins
  • replication of genes that encode viral capsid proteins
  • infectious virions produced
32
Q

Additional virion production w/ cell lysis doesn’t occur in

A

Non permissive cells

33
Q

DNA papova viruses

A

Papilloma, polyoma, simian virus 40

34
Q

Adenoviruses are DNA

A

True

35
Q

DNA Herpesviruses

A

Marek’s, reticulum cell sarcoma in monkeys

36
Q

RNA oncogenic viruses

A
  • retroviruses & oncornaviruses
  • have RNA dependent DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase
  • makes DNA copies of itself w/ RNA
37
Q

RNA Oncogenic oncornaviruses

A

FeLV, Mouse mammary tumor virus, jaagsiekte virus type D

Vet Path. (10 decks)

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