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Psychology > Modules 9 & 10 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Modules 9 & 10 Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q
  • the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neutral, hormonal) and psychological process
A

Biological Psychology

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2
Q
  • a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
A

Neuron

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3
Q
  • a neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
A

Dendrites

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4
Q
  • the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscle or glands
A

Axon

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5
Q
  • a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmissions speed as neutral impulses hop from one sausage- like node to the next
A

Myelin Sheath

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6
Q
  • a neutral impiously; a brief electric charge that travels down an axon
A

Action Potential

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7
Q
  • a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
A

Refractory Period

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8
Q

a membrane-bound transporter found in nearly all mammalian cells that transports potassium ions into the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid while simultaneously transporting sodium ions out of the cytoplasm to the extracellular fluid.

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

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9
Q

a gap occurring at regular intervals between segments of myelin sheath along a nerve axon.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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10
Q

: a class of cells in the brain and spinal cord that form a supporting structure for the neurons and provide them with insulation.

A

Neuroglia

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11
Q

: 1. the non-neural cells of ectodermal origin forming part of the adventitial structure of the central nervous system. 2. the tissue composed of such cells.

A

Oligodendroglia

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12
Q

: also called neurilemma cell, any of the cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons. Schwann cells are named after German physiologist Theodor Schwann, who discovered them in the 19th century.

A

Schwann Cells

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13
Q

: get their name because they are “star-shaped”. They are the most abundant glial cells in the brain that are closely associated with neuronal synapses. They regulate the transmission of electrical impulses within the brain.

A

Astrocytes

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14
Q
  • the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft
A

Synapse

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15
Q
  • chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by sending neuron, these travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neutral impulse.
A

Neurotransmitters

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16
Q
  • a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron
A

Reuptake

17
Q
  • the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
A

Threshold

18
Q
  • a neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing
A

All-or-none response

19
Q
  • “morphine within”- natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
A

Endorphins

20
Q

: a molecule that, by bending to a receptor site, stimulates a response

A

Agonist

21
Q

: a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response

A

Antagonist

22
Q

a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances.

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

23
Q

: the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cell of the peripheral and central nervous systems

A

Nervous system

24
Q

the brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (CNS):

25
Q

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS):

26
Q

: bundled axons that form neutral “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

A

Nerves

27
Q

: neurons that carry incoming information fro the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

28
Q

: neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscle and glands

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

29
Q

: neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

Interneurons

30
Q

: the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles also called the skeletal nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system

31
Q

has two divisions: the sympathetic nervous system, which accelerates the heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and raises blood pressure, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles.

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

32
Q

: the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

A

Sympathetic nervous system

33
Q

: the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving energy

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

34
Q

: a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

A

Reflex

35
Q

: the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands the secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine system

36
Q

: chemicals messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

A

Hormones

37
Q

: a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress

A

Adrenal glands

38
Q

: the endocrine system’s most influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary glans

Psychology (15 decks)

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