Modules 6-8 Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
- a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other.
A
Correlation
2
Q
- a statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0)
A
Correlation coefficient
3
Q
- a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.
A
Scatterplot
4
Q
- the perception of a relationship where non exists.
A
*Illusory Correlation
5
Q
- a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable).
A
Experiment
6
Q
- in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
A
Experimental Group
7
Q
- in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment.
A
Control Group
8
Q
-assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.
A
Random Assignment
9
Q
- an experimental procedure in which both the research participant and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.
A
Double-blind procedure
10
Q
- an experiment in which the participants are unaware of who received the treatment.
A
Single-blind procedure
11
Q
- experimental results caused by expectations alone.
A
Placebo effect
12
Q
- the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
A
Independent Variable
13
Q
- the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
A
Dependent Variable
14
Q
- a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.
A
Confounding Variable
15
Q
- the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
A
Validity
16
Q
- numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups.
A
Descriptive Statistics
17
Q
- a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution.
A
Histogram
18
Q
- the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.
A
Mean
19
Q
- the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
A
Median
20
Q
- the most frequently occurring score in a distribution.
A
Mode
21
Q
- a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.
A
Skew
22
Q
- the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
A
Range
23
Q
- a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.
A
Standard Deviation
24
Q
- a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data.
A
Normal Curve
25
Q
- numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population.
A
Inferential Statistics
26
Q
- a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
A
Statistical Significance
27
Q
- exists when one variable decreases as the other variable decreases, or one variable increases while the other increases.
A
Positive correlation
28
Q
- a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases, and vice versa.
A
Negative correlation
29
Q
- a measurement of the amount of people who respond to a certain call-to-action.
A
Response rate
30
Q
- a summary of how often different scores occur within a sample of scores.
A
Frequency distribution
31
Q
- a distribution point (for example, a number or a score) that is much further away from any other distribution points. They can skew measurements so that the results are not representative of the actual numbers.
A
Outliers
32
Q
- is a measure of how much values in a data set differ from the mean.
A
Variance
33
Q
also known as a Standard Score, is a statistic that tells us where a score lies in relation to the population mean.
A
Z Score
34
Q
- is a straightlinedrawn through the center of a group of data points plotted on a scatter plot.
A
Line of best fit
35
Q
- is a straightlinethat de- scribes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes. We often use aregression lineto predict the value of y for a given value of x.
A
Regression Line
36
Q
- the amount of inaccuracy that is estimated to exist within a sample population of the trait being measured.
A
Sampling error
37
Q
- the probability of obtaining a result equal to or “more extreme” than what was actually observed, when the null hypothesis is true
A
P Value
38
Q
- an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
A
Informed Consent
39
Q
- the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.
A
Debriefing
40
Q
- a committee established to review and approve research involving human subjects. The purpose of theIRBis to ensure that all human subject research be conducted in accordance with all federal, institutional, and ethical guidelines.
A
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
41
Q
- the practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats.
A
Coercion
42
Q
- used to describe situations where the acting person’s name is unknown.
A
Anonymity
43
Q
- is a part of theethical guidelinesof psychologists and means that information between a patient and a therapist cannot be shared with anyone.
A
Confidentiality
