Modules 31-33 Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
- the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
A
Memory
2
Q
- the processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning
A
Encoding
3
Q
- the process of retaining encoded information over time.
A
Storage
4
Q
- the process of getting information out of memory storage.
A
Retrieval
5
Q
- the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously.
A
Parallel Processing
6
Q
- the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
A
Sensory memory
7
Q
- activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the information is stored or forgotten
A
Short-term memory
8
Q
- the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
A
Long-term memory
9
Q
- a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
A
Working memory
10
Q
- memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” (aka declarative memory)
A
Explicit memory
11
Q
- encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
A
Effortful processing
12
Q
- unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
A
Automatic processing
13
Q
- retention independent of conscious recollection. We are unaware that this happens.
(aka non-declarative memory)
A
Implicit memory
14
Q
- a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
A
Iconic memory
15
Q
- a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
A
Echoic memory
16
Q
- organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
A
Chunking
17
Q
- memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
A
Mnemonics
18
Q
- the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through masses study or practice.
A
Spacing effect
19
Q
- enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
A
Testing effect
20
Q
- encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.
A
Shallow processing
21
Q
- encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.
A
Deep processing
22
Q
- a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
A
Hippocampus
23
Q
- a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
A
Flashbulb memory
24
Q
- an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
A
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
25
Q
- a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
A
Recall
26
Q
- measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
A
Recognition
27
Q
- a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
A
Relearning
28
Q
- the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
A
Priming
29
Q
- the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.
A
Mood-congruent memory
30
Q
- our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
A
Serial position effect
31
Q
- an inability to form new memories.
A
Anterograde amnesia
32
Q
- an inability to retrieve information from one’s past.
A
Retrograde amnesia
33
Q
- the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
A
Proactive interference
34
Q
- the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
A
Retroactive interference
35
Q
- in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banished from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
A
Repression
36
Q
- incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.
A
Misinformation effect
37
Q
- attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined. This is a form of false memory.
A
Source amnesia
38
Q
- that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
A
Déjà vu
