Modules 34-36 Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
- all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
A
Cognition
2
Q
- a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people.
A
Concept
3
Q
- a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
A
Prototype
4
Q
- the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
A
Creativity
5
Q
- narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
A
Convergent thinking
6
Q
- expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).
A
Divergent thinking
7
Q
- a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more error-prone- use of heuristics.
A
Algorithm
8
Q
- a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
A
Heuristic
9
Q
- a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions
A
Insight
10
Q
- a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
A
Confirmation bias
11
Q
- a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
A
Mental set
12
Q
- an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
A
Intuition
13
Q
- judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
A
Representative heuristic
14
Q
- estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness) we presume such events are common.
A
Availability heuristic
15
Q
- the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
A
Overconfidence
16
Q
- clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
A
Belief perseverance
17
Q
- the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
A
Framing
18
Q
- our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
A
Language
19
Q
- in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
A
Phoneme
20
Q
- in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
A
Morpheme
21
Q
- a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
A
Grammar
22
Q
- in a language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds.
A
Semantics
23
Q
- in a language, syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
A
Syntax
24
Q
- beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
A
Babbling stage
25
Q
- the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
A
One-word stage
26
Q
- beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.
A
Two-word stage
27
Q
- early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- “go car”- using mostly nouns and verbs.
A
Telegraphic speech
28
Q
- impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding).
A
Aphasia
29
Q
- controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
A
Broca’s area
30
Q
- controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
A
Wenicke’s area
31
Q
- Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
A
Linguistic determinism
