Module 4&5 Vocabulary

Question 1

• the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Answer 1

Hindsight bias

Question 2

• thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Answer 2

Critical thinking

Question 3

• a form of systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science

Answer 3

Applied research

Question 4

• also called pureresearchor fundamentalresearch, is scientific researchaimed to improve scientific theories for improved understanding or prediction of natural or other phenomena.

Answer 4

Basic research

Question 5

• an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

Answer 5

Theory

Question 6

• a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

Answer 6

Hypothesis

Question 7

• a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study.

Answer 7

Operational definition

Question 8

• the consistency of a research study or measuring test.

Answer 8

Reliability

Question 9

• repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Answer 9

Replication

Question 10

• a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Answer 10

Case study

Question 11

• observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

Answer 11

Naturalistic observation

Question 12

• anexperimentconducted under highly controlled conditions. The variable which is being manipulated by the researcher is called the independent variable and the dependent variable is the change in behavior measured by the researcher.

Answer 12

Laboratory Experiment

Question 13

• are done in the everyday (i.e. real life) environment of the participants. The experimenter still manipulates the independent variable, but in a real-life setting (so cannot really control extraneous variables).

Answer 13

Field Experiment

Question 14

• a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

Answer 14

Survey

Question 15

• a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.

Answer 15

Sampling Bias

Question 16

• when anexperimenterwhose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment.

Answer 16

Experimenter Bias

Question 17

• when participants adjust their behavior to what they think the experimenters expect.

Answer 17

Participant Bias

Question 18

• all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.

Answer 18

Population

Question 19

: a group of people who represent a larger population

Answer 19

Sample

Question 20

• a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Answer 20

Random Sample

Question 21

• drawn from a population of interest and has demographics and characteristics that match those of the population in as many ways as possible.

Answer 21

Representative Sample

Question 22

• a randomsamplein which members of the population are first divided into strata, then are randomly selected to be a part of the sample.

Answer 22

Stratified Sample

Question 23

• asocialscience research term that describes the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.

Answer 23

Social desirability

Question 24

• the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed.

Answer 24

Hawthorne effect